题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:困难
江苏省苏州市2020届高三上学期英语期中考试试卷
When times are tough, how should governments in poor countries ensure their citizens remain fed? In the past, most of them used subsidies (现金补助) to keep food prices low for all their citizens. But these policies have become ineffective: the cost of maintaining Egypt's food subsidies, for instance, nearly doubled between 2009 and 2013. And much of the money goes to the wrong people. In Egypt and the Philippines less than 20% of spending on food subsidies goes to poor households. In the Middle East and North Africa only 35% of subsidies reach 40% of the poorest, the IMF notes.
Motivated by a desire to control growing budget deficits (赤字) , many countries are replacing broad subsidies with policies aimed more directly at the needy. But what form should the targeted aid take? Earlier this month Iran introduced free handouts of food to replace its subsidy method. Other countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, have chosen instead to provide extra cash benefits to the poor. So far, food vouchers (代金券) have been the least popular option. Proposals to introduce food vouchers in such countries as Malaysia have been rejected on the basis that they were too American and un-Asian.
However, the researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) thought that might have been a mistake and analyzed the results of an experiment conducted by the World Food Programme in Ecuador, a South American country, in 2011, which compared handouts of food, cash and vouchers in the experiment. The study found that direct handouts— Iran's new policy—were the least effective option. They cost three times as much as vouchers to promote calorie intake by 15%, and were four times as costly as a way of increasing dietary diversity and quality. Distribution costs were high, and wastage was also a problem. Only 63% of the food given away was actually eaten, while 83% of the cash was spent on food and 99% of the vouchers were exchanged as intended. Food handouts have also been the costliest option in similar projects in some African countries, according to John Hoddinott at IFPRI.
In Ecuador there was little difference in cost between handing out cash and food vouchers, the other two options. But food vouchers were better at encouraging people to buy healthier foods because of restrictions on what items could be exchanged for them. It was 25% cheaper to promote the quality of household nutrition using food vouchers than it was by handing out cash.
A switch from universal subsidies to vouchers could be the most efficient way of promoting health as well as relieving poverty. This is very necessary in many developing countries, according to Lynn Brown, a consultant for the World Bank.
Topic |
Feeding expectations: Why food vouchers are a policy consideration in developing countries? |
Aim of universal subsidies |
To for the citizens in poor countries. |
Analyses of three policies |
Cash ●It keeps food prices low for all citizens. ●It is not in the long term: *The cost keeps increasing. *Much of the money doesn't reach those really in . |
Handouts of food ●The food can reach the needy . ●They cost twice more than vouchers to promote calorie intake. ●A lot of the food handed out is wasted, thus a matter of wastage. |
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Food vouchers ●They work better when it to encouraging people to buy healthier foods. ● with handing out cash, using food vouchers costs much less. ●They are too American and un-Asian. |
|
Conclusion |
It's a to use vouchers in many developing countries because it not only helps to poverty but also promotes health most efficiently. |
As is well-known, drinking water benefits one's health. Especially when you get up early in the morning, you'd better drink water. Here are some reasons why you should do so.
Improves Your Metabolism(新陈代谢)
Studies have shown that drinking water on empty stomach can help increase metabolic rate up by 30%. This means that the rate at which calories are burned increases by nearly one third. Do you know what that means? Quicker weight loss!
If your metabolic rate is high, then you will be able to digest food faster and maintain a slim figure despite eating those extra calories. However, this doesn't mean that you could bite down on all that junk food. Furthermore, you will need to drink around four litres of water daily for best results.
Helps in Clearing Your Bowels
Constipation(便秘) is one of the most irritating conditions which also results in deposit of poisonous materials inside the body. But did you know that one of the other benefits of drinking water is that it helps to clear out your bowels? The colon(结肠), which is in part responsible for bowel movements, require water to function properly. So just gulp down a glass of water and sit on your toilet for a clean colon.
Improves Your Appetite
Early in the morning, with your stomach totally empty, it is natural you will feel hungry. So another benefit of drinking water is preparing you to have the most important meal of the day — breakfast. Besides this, we all know that having a healthy appetite is good for overall health.
Helps to Balance Your Nervous System
Yes, drinking water on empty stomach especially if it's hot, can improve the health of your nervous system. Early morning, the stomach is most receptive. At this moment, if you indulge in coffee, which is a central nervous system stimulant, your nervous system will be affected from the get-go. On the other hand, if you just have a glass of warm water, it can ease your nervous system, which will help it function properly.
Prevents Migraine(偏头痛) Attacks
Again, if you tend to suffer from migraine attacks, then water can help fight it off. Your doctor might have already told you that migraines happen due to lacking water amongst other reasons. So just by increasing your water intake, you are basically preventing your chances from suffering another migraine attack.
Prevents Early Aging
And now to finish off, let's see how drinking water on empty stomach can prove to be some sort of good medicine. Water can help release toxins such as bacteria and other harmful elements from your system. This, in turn, can help your body fight the effects of free radicals(自由基) which can cause early ageing. Furthermore, if your skin doesn't lack water internally, it will feel refreshed, which can help it maintain a young state and shiny appearance.
Now that you've learned the above benefit of drinking water early in the morning, why not develop the healthy habit from now on?
Passage outlines |
Supporting details |
Introduction |
Drinking water early in the morning is{#blank#}1{#/blank#} to your health. |
{#blank#}2{#/blank#}for drinking water |
•Drinking water every morning can quicken your metabolism, which means your ability to digest food is stronger than others. In this way, it helps you {#blank#}3{#/blank#} weight. |
•Gulping down a glass of water can help dean your colon, which {#blank#}4{#/blank#} accounts for bowel movements. |
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•Drinking water will make you {#blank#}5{#/blank#}for breakfast. |
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•Coffee{#blank#}6{#/blank#}to stimulate your central nervous system while a glass of warm water can help it function properly. |
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•{#blank#}7{#/blank#} are that you will be attacked by migraine if you lack water. |
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•It can be good medicine to some{#blank#}8{#/blank#}to drink water on empty stomach. Water can prevent you from early aging because it can help{#blank#}9{#/blank#}some harmful materials from your system. |
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Conclusion |
•Due to so many benefits of drinking water after getting up in the morning, you should take{#blank#}10{#/blank#}now. |
Have you ever kept your eyes groundward while otherwise presenting yourself well at a job interview? People who do often wonder why they fail to get the job despite having made full preparations and taken into consideration every possible interview question. To a large degree, the problem is not about your verbal preparation but rather your body language at an interview, Preparing your body language for an interview is crucial (至关重要的),because it has various meanings in different cultures.
And how does the language of gestures vary between Chinese and Western society? Instead of examining the theory, let's focus on handshake, the most practical gesture that easily escapes our attention. Patti Wood once said, “Most of the hiring decisions are made in the first 10 seconds of an interview.” The way you shake the interviewer's hand could create the first impression you make. A weak handshake implies lack of confidence. But is it wise to use a powerful handshake? It depends. This would not be a problem if you were shaking hands with a Westerner as they appreciate a firm handshake. But for Asian people a gentler handshake is better, as an over-powerful grip might seem offensive.
Hand gestures are another major difference. Western prospective employers are likely to appreciate interviewees who use their hands expressively, and to assume that those who keep their hands hidden are either distrustful or lacking in confidence. The opposite applies in Asia. Be sure, therefore, to keep your hand gestures to a minimum at interviews with local companies in China.
There are, apart from these two differences, other elements of body language that could ruin your interview wherever you are. You should make eye contact with your interviewer. That doesn't mean you should glare directly into the interviewer's eyes. The best point of focus would be a little lower than the middle point. Secondly, you shouldn't touch your nose, lips or forehead. This tells the interviewer that you are either extremely nervous or lying. Lastly, never jiggle (抖动)your legs or fold your arms. Leg jiggling delivers clearly the message that you feel uneasy and want to escape as quickly as possible. Likewise, crossing your arms implies that you are either defensive or bored.
A research entitled “Non-Verbal Clues in Job Interviews” found that interviewers spotted a high connection between motivation, social skills and employment. Job seekers hence communicate their motivation and social skills through their body language. This crucial factor determines your fate in any job interview, which is why I cannot overemphasize (过分强调)the significance of body language and gestures. If you now recall your last failed interview, perhaps it is easier to understand why you didn't get the job.
Don't let body language {#blank#}1{#/blank#}your job interview |
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Introduction |
It is getting your body language well {#blank#}2{#/blank#}that matters in an interview. |
Major {#blank#}3{#/blank#} between Chinese and Western society |
Handshake, the most practical gesture, can easily be {#blank#}4{#/blank#}. Westerners appreciate a firm handshake, which might {#blank#}5{#/blank#} Asian people. |
To westerners, expressive hand gestures show you are {#blank#}6{#/blank#}and confident. In China, you'd better {#blank#}7{#/blank#}your hand gestures. |
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Other elements of body language |
Make {#blank#}8{#/blank#}eye contact with your interviewer. {#blank#}9{#/blank#}touching your nose, lips or forehead. Never jiggle your legs or fold your arms. |
Conclusion |
Your fate in any job interview {#blank#}10{#/blank#}on your body language. |
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