阅读理解
Life in the Clear
Transparent
animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a
window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a
depth of about 3,300 feet — as far as most light can reach. Most of them are
extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a
scientist in biology, says, "These animals live through their life alone.
They never touch anything unless they're eating it, or unless something is
eating them."
And they are as
clear as glass. How does an animal become seethrough? It's trickier than you
might think.
The objects around
you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line.
But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb
light, stopping it dead in its tracks.
Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other
objects around it, so you can see it easily.
But a transparent
object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass
through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't
look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it — you
see the things behind it.
To become
transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering
light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments (色素) that absorb
specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments, so
its tissues won't absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is
actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
Animals are built
of many different materials — skin, fat, and more — and light moves through
each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new
speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight
scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is
easier to be seethrough. Others build a large, clear mass of nonliving
jellylie (果冻状的)
material and spread themselves over it.
Larger transparent
animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different
tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They
need to look uniform. But how they're doing it is still unknown. One thing is
clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a nontransparent
milky white.