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题型:任务型阅读 题类:真题 难易度:困难

2019年高考英语真题试卷(江苏卷)(含听力音频)

请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

The Cost of Thinking

    Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.

    The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.

    The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.

    Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.

    Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.

    We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.

The Cost of Thinking

Introduction

•Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two of human beings.

The of large human brains

•The larger brains may not be better because of the cost.

•The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.

•The animal brain requires less when the body is at rest.

•Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.

The of walking upright

•Walking upright makes it easy to find food or against enemies.

•Freed hands can serve some purpose and perform complex tasks.

•Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and the size of brains.

•Walking upright results in sufferings.

Conclusion

• With a large brain, human beings other beings in terms of intelligence.

• Weak and marginal, human beings remained of meat-eating animals.

举一反三
根据短文内容, 填写表格。

    We are a primary school in England. Our students start arriving at our playground from about 8:45 a.m. Most of the children live nearby, so they walk to school. But some children have to travel to school by car. Each of the children is dressed in a school uniform (校服) and carries the homework and packed lunch in a schoolbag.

    School starts at 8:55 a.m. The teacher on duty blows a whistle (哨子) and the children line up in their class groups. They wait quietly for the teacher to send them to their classrooms. When they arrive at their classrooms, the children empty their schoolbags and put their homework in their boxes. After the children take their seats, the teacher reads out each child's name in turn. Upon hearing his / her name, the child replies “yes, Mrs. (the teacher's name)” and the teacher writes down whether the child is in school or not.

    And then at 9:10 a.m. the children attend an assembly in our main hall. They sit on the floor in rows with the youngest children at the front and the older children at the back. As the children enter the hall, they listen to music quietly. Each week we have a different musical theme (主题). Besides, the children also listen to stories.

    After the assembly, the first lesson of the day begins at 9:30 a.m. Our morning lessons are usually English and Maths. Each of these lessons lasts an hour. Between classes, the children have their morning break from 10:20 a.m. to 10:35 a.m. They eat their snacks (小吃) or play games like football on the playground. At the end of the break, the teacher on duty blows a whistle. The children stand still and wait to be told to line up.

    Each day, the children have their lunch break from 12 noon to 1:10 p.m. Most of the children bring their own packed lunches from home. A packed lunch usually consists of sandwiches, fruit, a drink and a packet of crisps. Some children have a school dinner cooked in our school kitchen. While the children are waiting to have lunch or after they have finished eating, they play games on the playground or attend lunch-time clubs. We have teachers on duty, who look after the children during lunch breaks. After the lunch break, the children have afternoon lessons, which continue until 3:15 p.m. when the children go home.

A typical school day at a primary school in England

Paragraph outlines

Supporting details

Arriving at school

● The students start {#blank#}1{#/blank#} the school playground from about 8:45 a.m.

● They come to school on {#blank#}2{#/blank#} or by car.

The start of school

● At 8:55 a.m., the teacher on duty blows a whistle to make the children {#blank#}3{#/blank#} up, and then sends them to their classrooms.

● The teacher {#blank#}4{#/blank#} the attendance (出席) of each child.

{#blank#}5{#/blank#}

● At 9:10 a.m. the children attend an assembly in the main hall, where they listen to music or stories.

● They sit on the floor in rows at different {#blank#}6{#/blank#} according to their ages.

Morning lessons

● The first lesson of the day begins at 9:30 a.m. and each class lasts as {#blank#}7{#/blank#} as an hour.

● The morning lessons are usually English and Maths.

● The morning break is from 10:20 a.m. to 10:35 a.m., when the children eat their snacks or play games.

Lunch breaks and afternoon lessons

● The lunch break starts at 12 noon and {#blank#}8{#/blank#} at 1:10 p.m.

● During the lunch break, the students {#blank#}9{#/blank#} lunch and play games or attend lunch-time clubs.

● School is {#blank#}10{#/blank#} at 3:15 p.m.

阅读填空

    I used to be the messiest person alive. Over the years, through watching others and by trial and error, I have finally found ways to come up with plans, organize them and follow through with them.

    Make an outline of everything you need to have and do to make your plan happen. Make a list of all of the steps that need to be accomplished and think about what needs to be done.

    Detail everything thoroughly and read over it so you can start coming up with some mental solutions of how to carry out your plans.

    You should ensure that if for some reason way one doesn't work, you have way two and way three to lean back on. Therefore, different ways are needed at hand. It's just a matter of being organized. Chances are that there is always more than one way of doing things, and chances are that if one of those ways doesn't work, one of the others will.

    Committing yourself to finishing at least part if not all of your plan at once is also necessary. It will show that you not only have initiative to get things rolling, but that you are interested in the results obtained with making the move to get everything done.

    If you make a commitment to finish before aspecific time, make sure that you carry that out, and be sure to do everything in the way you said you would, within the time-frame you set for yourself.

    Don't try to tackle (处理) more things all at atime. All that does is delay your progress, distract you and make you lose your interest, motivation and energy.

   Carrying out an effective plan requires being as organized as possible. You will only achieve this by sticking to the order of the plan and not deviating or trying to do more at a time.

    Last but not the least, you should never abandon things mid-project. It will only annoy everyone around you including yourself.         Unfinished plans are a waste of time, energy and, in some cases,even money.

    So,don't be afraid of organization. The older we get,the more necessary it becomes to have the skills to follow through with confidence and to be able to carry through plans in an organized and manageable way. It pays to be organized, after all.

Title: Tips on how to be{#blank#}1{#/blank#}in your life

Tips

Details

{#blank#}2{#/blank#}

{#blank#}3{#/blank#}down your plan

List everything you need List{#blank#}4{#/blank#}you will follow

To make your plan happen

Prepare three{#blank#}5{#/blank#}ways to carry out your plan


To{#blank#}6{#/blank#}that you can have some other choices when one way doesn't work

{#blank#}7{#/blank#}to finish at least part of your plan if not all

Do everything{#blank#}8{#/blank#}your own time-frame

To show yourself you are determined to get things stared and caring about the results

Do one thing at once

Stick to the order of you plan

To save your interest, motivation and energy

Finish what you have started


To get your plan{#blank#}9{#/blank#}out thoroughly

{#blank#}10{#/blank#}

You shouldn't be afraid of organization because it's really worthwhile.

任务型阅读

    Scientists say eating less can slow the aging process of cells in the body. The researchers studied mice, not people.

    {#blank#}1{#/blank#}One group was able to eat as much as it wanted. The other animals in the other group are limited to eat. Their diet had 35 percent fewer calories than the first group of mice.

    The mice with the diet restrictions(限制) were more energetic and suffered fewer diseases. They were not just living longer, they seemed to stay younger for a longer period of time. When you restrict calories (in mice), there is a direct increase in lifespan - the average age of the animal{#blank#}2{#/blank#}

    But how? The researchers found that fewer calories slow down a natural mechanism in cells called ribosomes (核糖体). Ribosomes are responsible for making important proteins in the cells. But with fewer calories, they slow down.{#blank#}3{#/blank#}This, in turn, keeps cells and the entire body functioning well.

    Earlier studies have suggested a link between calorie restrictions and slowed aging{#blank#}4{#/blank#}Calorie restriction as a way to slow aging has not been tested in humans. But the main finding for people is the importance of taking care of our bodies{#blank#}5{#/blank#} And this may help us make better decisions about what we eat.

A. The less we eat, the healthier we are.

B. Researchers studied two groups of mice.

C. This finding is good news if you are a mouse.

D. This gives the cells more time to repair themselves.

E. The findings help to explain how exactly our bodies age.

F. However, this is first to show how the ribosomes can influence aging.

G. Calorie restriction caused real biochemical changes that slowed down the rate of aging.

Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

    In the 19th century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn't find work in cities like New York. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.

    Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the Native Americans (American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the "Indians" killing many white people.

    {#blank#}2{#/blank#} In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.

    It is true that the settlers' journey was extremely difficult. Many of them walked 3, 200 kilometers, the whole length of the trail. They had wagons(马车), but the wagons were often too full, so people could not travel in them. {#blank#}3{#/blank#} The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes-they walked the whole trail barefoot in extremely cold temperature.

    More than 50, 000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn't clean. {#blank#}4{#/blank#}Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.

A. They hoped they could make more money.

B. So they left and went to find farmland in the west.

C. Many parents also had to carry their small children.

D. But the truth is that the native Americans were not the biggest problem for the settlers.

E. Many of them lost their home.

F. There were also a lot of accidents.

阅读下面的短文,请根据短文后的要求答题。

    If you seek happiness, then you need to know what happiness is for you. I don't believe there is one universal definition of happiness. Happiness is a very subjective emotion, according to me. Put two people in identical situations: same amount of money, life experiences. etc. and you can be pretty sure that they both wouldn't feel equally happy or equally sad. I believe this is so because there are two kinds of happiness. There is one kind of happiness, which is kind of universal and then there is the other kind, which is very individual to each one of us. It is this kind of happiness that I find more interesting.

The second kind of happiness that I talk about comes from our expectations out of our lives, which vary from person to person. For example, a person who expects a lot out of his or her life may find that happiness is hard to find. They are constantly in search of these things in life, which always seem to elude (逃避) them. Those things may be money or fame or power or any of the other pursuits (追求) that humans have, but it would be likely that such people are less likely to be happy, if their goals are not met. In most cases, even after their goals are met, they don't find happiness, because they seek more— new goals, new wish lists, and it's a seemingly never- ending process for them!

    On the other hand, a person who takes life as it comes along and makes the best of each day is more likely to be happy every day. They have no pressure or goals to occupy their minds and they can achieve happiness from the simple pleasures of everyday life, finding love, making time for the family and kids, seeing their kids grow, etc. Of course, that doesn't mean that you shouldn't have any expectations at all. You should keep those expectations reasonable and manageable.

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