题型：任务型阅读 题类：真题 难易度：困难
2019年高考英语真题试卷（江苏卷）（含听力音频）
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
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The Cost of Thinking |
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Introduction |
•Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two of human beings. |
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The of large human brains |
•The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. •The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. •The animal brain requires less when the body is at rest. •Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles. |
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The of walking upright |
•Walking upright makes it easy to find food or against enemies. •Freed hands can serve some purpose and perform complex tasks. |
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•Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and the size of brains. •Walking upright results in sufferings. |
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Conclusion |
• With a large brain, human beings other beings in terms of intelligence. • Weak and marginal, human beings remained of meat-eating animals. |
Writing A Letter To Your Future Self
Just imagine writing a letter to your future self 5 years from now, then opening it at that exact moment to see how much of it has come true. {#blank#}1{#/blank#}
As you read the letter in the future, you can assess how many things agree with your expectations in the past. {#blank#}2{#/blank#} Often times, the goals we set and our goal achievement process are affected by a lot of changes along the way. The letter lets you recognize how your current idea differs from the past.
In addition to that, at the very moment you are writing the letter, your thoughts are stored right there in those words. When you open the letter in the future, you as your future self gets to compare how you used to be in the past with how you are now. {#blank#}3{#/blank#}. It's very interesting to do so.
Take out a pen and paper right now and start writing your letter to your future self. Set a time period to write to. {#blank#}4{#/blank#} Then start writing. Think about the type of person you will be, your place in life, what you will have realized then, and so on.
{#blank#}5{#/blank#} Put it in a safe space where no one can find it. When you open this sometime in the near future, you might gain additional insights(了解) about yourself and your journey in the past few years.
A. And you can think about why that's the case. B. It is a useful tool to be used in goal achievement. C. Imagine how you will be like during that time period. D. If you haven't, join me in writing a letter to yourself. E. This lets you see how much things have changed since then. F. At the end of the letter, write the date to open it on the cover. G. It wasn't until we moved into our new house that I found it again. |
The Internet has opened up a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we've never been before.
But just as in face to face communication, there are some rules of behavior that should be followed when on line. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} Imagine how you'd feel if you were in the other person's shoes.
For anything you're about to send: ask yourself, “Would I say this to the person's face? If the answer is no, rewrite and reread. {#blank#}2{#/blank#}
If someone in the chat room is rude to you, your instinct (本能 ) is to fire back in the same manner. But try not to do so. {#blank#}3{#/blank#} If it was caused by a disagreement with another member, try to fix the situation by politely discussing it. Remember to respect opinions of others in the chat room.
{#blank#}4{#/blank#} Offer advice when asked by newcomers, as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate. When someone makes a mistake, whether it's a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer, be kind about it. If it is a small mistake, you may not need to say anything. Having good manners yourself doesn't give you license to correct everyone else. {#blank#}5{#/blank#} At the same time, if you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and apologize to those you have offended.
A. Everyone was new to the network once. B. If you do decide to tell someone about a mistake, point it out politely. C. It's unusual that there are some people who speak rudely or make mistakes online. D. The basic rule is simple: treat others in the same way you would want to be treated. E. You should either ignore the person, or use your chat software to block their messages. F. When you send short messages to a person online, you must say something beautiful to hear. G. Repeat the process till you feel sure that you'd feel comfortable saying the words to the person's face. |
The worst time to look for a job is when you must have a new one immediately. Job Searching under pressure often results in nervous interviewing and decision-making from rela-tively few options. If you are not in need of an immediate career change, here are ways you can improve your long-term career prospects （前景） today:
Identify at least two different roles. You do not have to be qualified for these positions today, nor do they have to exist in your company. However, these roles should be related to your current skill set. They are career options that look interesting. Once you have a couple of targets, think about why and what interests you. Pay close attention to what appeals to you, and write it down. This will give insight into your motivations and targets.
Subscribe to a career specific magazine. Knowledge is power in the workplace. All busi-nesses must stay relevant to their customers in order to win the competitions and increase revenue（收益）.Reading about industry trends, advancements and success stories keeps you in touch with market conditions. This information allows you to see which companies and professionals are leading the peck. You can follow their examples in your own workplace. If you associate with those that stand out from the rest, you are likely to find yourself with better opportunities.
Do exceptional work. In any role, there is a way to perform at your best. Look for ways to deliver a top performance. Show up early, be flexible to new assignments, have a positive attitude, cooperate with other departments, pay attention to the little details.
Be professionally curious. Talk to people about their careers. Learn more about how success is measured in other roles, departments and companies. Ask people their thoughts on different industries. Challenge yourself to expand your business knowledge through interactions with people at regular time. People hire people. You never know what connections may be relevant when you start your next job search, so develop a habit of making good connections no matter where you go. Take the time to learn about others, and be helpful when you can.
As in all things in life, getting in front of a difficult task early is always less stressful than reacting to a career surprise. Changing jobs is to be expected. No matter how secure you feel today, the time will come when either you or your employer decide it is time to change.
How to Improve Your Carter Prospects | ||
Passage outline | Supporting detials | |
problem | ♦Job searching under pressure {#blank#}1{#/blank#} negative consequences, such as nervous interviewing. | |
Ways to improve your career prospects | Identify at least two different roles | ♦The roles are supposed to have{#blank#}2{#/blank#}to do with your current skill set. ♦Pay close attention to those things that make you{#blank#}3{#/blank#} |
Subscribe to a magazine on carter | ♦The relevant knowledge in the workplace can make you{#blank#}4{#/blank#}in the business world. ♦Follow the examples in your field, making it{#blank#}5{#/blank#}for you too get better chances. | |
Do exceptional work | ♦ Try your best to perform at your best. ♦ Work early to finish new tasks with a flexible and positive attitude. ♦ Cooperate with other departments Without {#blank#}6{#/blank#}little details. | |
Be professionally curious | ♦ Talk about people's careers and learn how people{#blank#}7{#/blank#}success in other role and fields. ♦ Widen your business knowledge by interacting with people{#blank#}8{#/blank#} ♦ Develop a Habit of connecting well wherever you go. | |
Conclusion | Facing hard tasks early can help reduce your{#blank#}9{#/blank#} ♦ Changing jobs may be{#blank#}10{#/blank#} however secure you feel today. | |
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