题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
北京市海淀区2018-2019学年高二下学期英语期中考试试卷
AlphaZero--an Updated Model of AI
Soon after Garry Kasparov, the former world chess champion, lost his rematch against IBM's Deep Blue in 1997, the short window of human-machine chess competition slammed shut forever. Unlike humans, machines keep getting faster, and today a smartphone chess app can be stronger than Deep Blue. However, as people see with the new AlphaZero system, machine dominance has not ended the historical role of chess as a laboratory of cognition.
Much as airplanes don't flap their wings like birds, machines don't produce chess moves like humans do. Based on a generic algorithm (算法), AlphaZero incorporates deep learning and other AI techniques like Monte Carlo tree search to play against itself to develop its own chess knowledge. Unlike the traditional program Stockfish, which employs many preset evaluation functions as well as opening and endgame moves, AlphaZero starts out knowing only the rules of chess, with no preset human strategies. In a few hours, it plays more games against itself than have been recorded in human chess history. It teaches itself the best way to play, reevaluating the relative values of the pieces. It quickly becomes strong enough to win 28, draw 72, and lose none in a victory over Stockfish. Since AlphaZero can program itself, this superior understanding allows it to outclass the world's top traditional program despite calculating far fewer positions per second. It's the typical example of the cliché, "work smarter, not harder".
AlphaZero shows that machines can be the experts, not merely expert tools. Explainability is still an issue—it's not going to put chess coaches out of business just yet. But the knowledge it produces is information humans can learn from. AlphaZero is surpassing humans in a profound and useful way, and researchers are working on transferring the knowledge acquired from AlphaZero to other fields.
Machine learning systems aren't perfect. Even though great progresses have been achieved, AI algorithms are still struggling on open problems such as computer vision, natural language understanding... There will be cases where an AI will fail to detect exceptions to its rules. Therefore, as Kasparov writes, "We must work together to combine our strengths. I know better than most people what it's like to compete against a machine. Instead of raging against them, it's better if we're all on the same side."
①Machine dominance plays an important role in cognition study.
②AlphaZero knows opening and endgame moves before playing.
③AlphaZero develops chess strategies by playing against itself.
④Chess coaches have already been laid off throughout the world.
⑤Sometimes artificial intelligence may not discover exceptions to its rules.
②Paragraph 2:
③Paragraph 3:
④Paragraph 4:
A. The proper attitude to AI
B. The history of AlphaZero
C. The limitations of machines
D. The influences of AlphaZero
E. The working theory of AlphaZero
F. The fast development of machines
Aside from the health benefits of laughter (which are numerous and significant), having a sense of humor about life's difficulties can provide a way to bond with others, look at things in a different way, normalize your experience, and keep things from appearing too overwhelming or scary. Properly developed, a good sense of humor can keep people and relationships strong.
Studies show that having a smile on your face can make you feel better, and can lead you to actually feeling happier (rather than just looking happier). Even if the smile is fake, the benefits you will experience are real! Also, a fake smile leads readily to a genuine one. If you are able to put a smile on your face, the laughter will come more easily, and the stress will melt more easily.
If your situation seems ridiculously frustrating, recognize what can develop into humor in just how ridiculously frustrating and annoying it is. In your imagination, take the situation to an extreme that becomes even more ridiculous until you find yourself amused. For example, when you're waiting in a long line at the store, you can imagine that hours pass, then days, visualizing yourself accepting visits from loved ones from your new home in this ultra-long line, holding your children's birthday parties in aisle seven so you can be there to enjoy them...you get the picture.
Besides, find a friend with whom you can laugh also works! You can each share your frustrations, and laugh about them in the process. Even when your friend isn't there, you can feel less stressed by thinking about the retelling that will come later.
You can have a “most annoying boss” game with your friends, or try to count how many times the same potentially frustrating event happens in a day.(“I was cut off in traffic 7 times today—I'm almost up to 10!”) This works well for predictable or repetitive annoying situations that you can't control; you can begin to value them in their own special way instead of letting them upset you.
One of the factors that drive the popularity of shows like Modern Family or movies like the classic Ferris Bueller's Day Off, is that they take somewhat universal situations that many people find frustrating and push them a little further, pointing out the silliness of it all.
What's more, you can try joining Funny Clubs.Years ago, when Oprah had a show rather than a network, she did a part on Laughter Yoga that interested me, and I researched a club on my own, finding it to be a terrific place to enjoy a good laugh. Whether you mean business or laugh at the silliness of it all, taking part in the exercises of laughter yoga with other humor-participants can be a very effective way to get back in the practice of getting some more laughter into your day.
Title | Develop a good sense of humor |
{#blank#}1{#/blank#} | Developing a good sense of humor concerning {#blank#}2{#/blank#}in life is an effective coping technique.It leads to better relationship as well as simple stress management. |
Suggestions | *Start with a {#blank#}3{#/blank#} It's shown in the studies that wearing a smile can help you feel happier.The more you laugh, the {#blank#}4{#/blank#} the stress is to melt. |
*Value the extremes: Imagine the situations to an extreme so that you can recognize the{#blank#}5{#/blank#}humor. | |
*Have an interesting friend: Share frustrations with your friends. If your friend isn't with you,{#blank#}6{#/blank#} the retelling to come can help lighten your moods. | |
*Make it a {#blank#}7{#/blank#} Value your frustrations in a “most annoying boss” game or count the times of the same potentially frustrating events in a day. | |
*Watch funny shows and {#blank#}8{#/blank#} Realizing that some{#blank#}9{#/blank#} frustrating situations are actually funny can help you endure them with a smile-even if it's ironic. | |
*Join laughter yoga clubs: Whether you are taking laughing {#blank#}10{#/blank#} or just laughing at the silliness of it all, joining a laughter yoga club is of much help. |
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