题型:填空题 题类:常考题 难易度:困难
山东省莒县第二中学2018-2019学年高二上学期英语元旦竞赛试卷
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Locker 5
Locker 14
AS A RULE (out of turn, hardly ever, out of date, rough-and-ready, now and then)
根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Most drinks stating that they are fruit-flavored (水果味道的) contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the British Food Commission.
“Shoppers need to check the labels (标签) before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent,” said Food Commission spokesperson Ian Tokelove. “Food production is highly competitive. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} It will increase profits, and consumers won't always realize they are being tricked.”
Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavors. Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores. {#blank#}2{#/blank#} Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit. In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar.
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} Let's take jam as an example. Some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.
{#blank#}4{#/blank#} Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought. Under current UK law, food packages do not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. “Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packet with pictures of strawberries is misleading. {#blank#}5{#/blank#} Unfortunatly, it is also legal and widespread,” Tokelove said. “It's time to take measures to protect the consumers' rights.”
A. The products which contain real fruit are popular with people. B. Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit. C. They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all. D. If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so. E. It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products. F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all. G. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging. |
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rushing into business. Firms of all types are using AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank within a consultancy, forecasts that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value of $2.7trn over the next 20 years.
Such grand forecasts fuel anxiety as well as hope. Less familiar, but just as important, is how AI will transform the workplace.
Start with the benefits.AI ought to improve productivity. Humanyze, a people analytics software provider, combines data from its badges(工牌)with employees' calendars and e-mails to work out, say, whether office layouts favour teamwork .Slack, a workplace messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks. Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving.
Employees will gain, too. Thanks to advance in computer vision, AI can check that workers are wearing safety equipment and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.
Machines can help ensure that pay rises and promotions go to those who deserve them. That starts with hiring. People often have biases but algorithms(算法), if designed correctly, can be more unprejudiced. Software can flag patterns that people might miss.
Yet AI's benefits will come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms may not be free of the biases of their programmers, which can have unintended consequences. The length of a travel may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is productivity. And surveillance(监控)may feel Orwellian—a sensitive matter now that people have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives.
As regulators and employers weigh the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to guide its spread. First, data should be anonymized where possible. Microsoft, for example, has a product that shows individuals how they manage their time in the office, but gives managers information only in aggregated(整合)form. Second, the use of AI ought to be transparent. Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their workplaces and which data are being gathered. As a matter of routine, algorithms used by firms to hire, fire and promote should be tested for bias and unintended consequences. Last, countries should let individuals request their own data, whether they are ex-workers wishing to contest a dismissal or jobseekers hoping to demonstrate their ability to prospective employers.
The march of Al into the workplace calls for trade-offs between privacy and performance. A fairer, more productive workforce is a prize worth having, but not if it chains employees. Striking a balance will require thought, a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt and a strong dose of humanity.
AI Spy | |
Passage outline | Supporting details |
Introduction | While its future in business is full of {#blank#}1{#/blank#}, AI affects the workplace negatively. |
Advantages of AI | ·AI makes business more productive by analyzing the office layout, assessing the employees' working efficiency and {#blank#}2{#/blank#} their behavior. ·AI can {#blank#}3{#/blank#} employees' safety and provide feedback for them to better themselves. ·AI helps businesses hire more suitable employees and develop a better {#blank#}4{#/blank#} of promotion and pay rise. |
Potential drawbacks of AI | ·Undesirable results may arise due to the biases of the programmers. ·Poorer applicants and older staff are at a {#blank#}5{#/blank#} ·Employees' privacy is {#blank#}6{#/blank#} in the age of AI. |
Principles{#blank#}7{#/blank#} AI's spread | ·Keep the data anonymous when they are gathered and used. {#blank#}8{#/blank#} employees of technologies used in the workplace and test the algorithms to avoid undesirable results. {#blank#}9{#/blank#} employees to access data for their own sake. |
Summary | Only when employees and employers are {#blank#}10{#/blank#} to adapt and respect each other, can AI make workplace fairer and more productive. |
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The Cost of Thinking |
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Introduction |
•Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two {#blank#}1{#/blank#} of human beings. |
The {#blank#}2{#/blank#} of large human brains |
•The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. •The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. •The animal brain requires less {#blank#}3{#/blank#}when the body is at rest. •Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles. |
The {#blank#}4{#/blank#} of walking upright |
•Walking upright makes it easy to find food or {#blank#}5{#/blank#}against enemies. •Freed hands can serve some {#blank#}6{#/blank#} purpose and perform complex tasks. |
•Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and {#blank#}7{#/blank#} the size of brains. •Walking upright results in {#blank#}8{#/blank#} sufferings. |
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Conclusion |
• With a large brain, human beings {#blank#}9{#/blank#} other beings in terms of intelligence. • Weak and marginal, human beings remained {#blank#}10{#/blank#} of meat-eating animals. |
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