题型：阅读理解 题类： 难易度：普通
湖南省衡阳市2023-2024学年高三下学期二模英语试卷
"What beautiful music!" I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He's used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he's finished.
Am I a bad mom? Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you'll react, leading to good behavior. And it's true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline.
But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.
In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they'd be paid if they could drink about one-and-a-half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.
Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call "intermittent (间歇性) reinforcement" —rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions—makes it morearduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don't always, praise your child for completing their chores, they'll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time.
So don't assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they'll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done.
Green Book—a touching story of friendship against all odds Need a warm break from cold Oscar films? Try “Green Book”, a film that leaves you feeling good instead of like a disaster victim. The lighthearted drama, about a road trip by two men—one white, one black—is absolutely optimistic. |
In the film, the ups and downs of their journey are told with the changing settings. They start out in Pittsburgh and Cleveland, in nice hotel rooms and at fascinating parties. It's when they reach Louisville, Ky., that the first “Colored Only” hotel sign appears, and the attitudes turn hateful, even for the Italian. Anyway, a partnership is born during the trip: Shirley tickles the keys while Lip strikes the thugs(暴徒). The loving screenplay of “Green Book”—written by Lip's son, Nick Vallelonga, and directed by Peter Farrelly — doesn't shy away from Lip's casual racism. Yet for all his kindness toward Shirley, Lip had a long way to go when it came to tolerance. “Green Book” could be accused by some critics of the story not being true. But the actors' honest chemistry takes Farrelly's movie to the next level. This small tale of American goodness deserves your full attention. |
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