Walk down the drinks section at the supermarket.Look in the drink cooler in your local convenience store.A new drink is taking up more and more space on the shelves，and that drink is water.Bottled water sales in the US rose to 1.7 billion gallons in 2010 for plastic bottles alone，compared to total sales of only 700 million gallons in 1990. Whereas bottled water was once associated only with the rich and the privileged (特权阶层)，it is now regularly drunk by people at all income levels despite the fact that the price of bottled water can be between 240 and 10,000 times higher per gallon than tap water.What accounts for this surprising increase in demand?

    Traditionally，people have drunk bottled water for health reasons.The practice of “taking the waters” originated with the Romans，who believed that a person developed a healthy mind by building a healthy body.Across Europe，drinking or bathing in mineral water has been associated with the power to cure various diseases.Health spas at Evian in France and Pellegrino in Italy began bottling water so that their consumers could continue their treatments at home.The consumers in the 21st century are also concerned about health.However，in America，where the habit of drinking bottled water is relatively new，the concern is often more related to the purity or sterilization (消毒) of the water than to its mineral contents.Americans are often worried about the effects of the chemical pollution and other contaminants on the water supply.Many Americans view bottled water as a safe alternative to tap water.

    Further reasons for drinking bottled water are its usefulness as an aid to digestion，as a complement to a good meal in a restaurant，and for taste.City tap water is often treated with chlorine (氯) to guard against harmful micro­organisms.Chlorine，as well as metals from pipes and tanks used to distribute and store tap water，can leave behind an unpleasant taste.

    As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.

    In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.

    In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information an the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互记忆)”

    According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.

    Born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 10^th, 1928. Philip Levine was formally educated in the Detroit public school system. After graduation from university, Levine worked a number of industrial jobs, including the night work in factories, reading and writing poems in his off hours. In 1953, he studied at the University of Iowa. There, Levine met Robert Lowell and John Berryman, whom Levine called his “one great guide”.

    About writing poems, Levine wrote: “I believed even then that if I could change my experience into poems I would give it the value and honor that it did not begin to have on its own. I thought too that if I could write about it, I could come to understand it: I believed that if I could understand my life——or at least the part my work played in it——I could write it with some degree of joy, something obviously missing from my life.”

    Levine published (出版) his first collection of poems. On the Edge in 1961, followed by Not This Pig in 1968. Throughout his life Levine published many books of poems, winning many prizes. A review said: “Levine writes poems about the bravery of men, physical labor, simple pleasures and strong feelings, often set in working-class Detroit or in central California, where he worked or lived.”

    He taught for many years at California State University, Fresno and served as Distinguished Poet in Residence for the Creative Writing Program at New York University. After retiring from teaching, Levine divided his time between Brooklyn, New York, and Fresno, California, until his death on February 14^th, 2015. His final poem collection, The Last Shift, as well as a collection of essays (短文) and other writings, My Lost Poets: A Life in Poetry, were published in 2016.

    Stocky, slow-moving whale, rarely grows beyond 15 metres in length

    Flippers are a third of body length; variable dorsal fin size and shape; saw-toothed trailing edge on flukes, often raised when diving

    Bumpy tubercles on top of head

    Body colour is dark brown to black; often extensive white on flippers and underside of body and flukes; such patterns enable individual recognition

    Bushy blow, occasionally V-shaped

    270-400 olive baleen plates

    Humpback whales belong to the rorqual (groove-throated) family, which includes fin, sei, Bryde's, minke and blue whales. The big family migrate between winter tropical breeding areas (North West Shelf, Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiii, Tonga) and summer Antarctic feeding areas. Once common in New Zealand waters, humpbacks are now rarely seen and may migrate further offshore. Males compete for mates either by physical fight or by song. Females give birth to their young every two to three years; some non-breeding females probably remain in the southern waters during winter. Young humpback whales return to their area of birth but in later life some wander between breeding areas. Humpbacks eat small shrimps and other schooling prey, such as fish, forming small, cooperative groups of two to three individuals to feed.

    Similar species: Easily identifiable due to a 'hump' back when submerging, but at a distance may be confused with other species that raise their flukes when diving, such as sperm, right and blue whales.

    Protection status: Recovering well from past whaling and now numerous in some former migration and aggregation areas, rarely seen in others.

    The brain is a remarkable part. It's responsible for thoughts and feelings. Now a new study finds that going through tough times as a kid also can have an impact. The adult brains of people who lived through lots of stress before the age of six—and then became depressed or anxious as teenagers—were different compared with adults who had an easier childhood. It seems that teens changed the shape of their brains by internalizing (使内在化) the stresses experienced years earlier.

    Researchers already knew that the shape and size of a child's brain can change in response to lots of stress. They also knew that adults were more likely to be depressed if, as kids, they'd lived in poverty. Some studies showed that these depressed adults had unusual changes in their brain shape. But no one had tested if the early stress and later brain changes were linked.

    Scientists in England studied almost 500 boys from birth until the ages of 18 to 21. Sarah Jensen is one of the new study's authors. Almost all of the boys her team studied experienced some hard times as kids. And, she concludes, "This is not necessarily harmful." To some extent, that's just life. What can be dangerous, she says, is when children experience too many forms of difficulties. Her team's new data suggest that the tougher the childhood, the stronger the impact on the brain might be.

    What's happening in the world around us relates to how we feel. Her team linked more childhood stress to more depression. Still, she notes, it's possible that if you find support for anxiety or depression, you might be able to prevent the changes seen here. "If you can change the environment, you can change the course of things," Sarah says. So, she recommends, if teens develop anxiety or depression, it's good to ask for psychological doctors to give advice.

    NYRR is celebrating 20 years of free youth running in Central Park at the NYRR Summer Community Run. This event is perfect for all ages, with waves for runners, walkers, and families with strollers(婴儿车), to encourage participation by all.

    Take on a 1.5-mile course and then enjoy the post-race festival full of fun activities.

    Note: Please be sure to register all those who will be participating on race day­including those little ones in the stroller.

    Live Results

    Live unofficial results are available during the race at liveresults.nyrr.org and in the NYRR app, including leaderboards, map tracking, and an individual runner search that can be shared on Twitter.

    Race Number Pickup

    Numbers and souvenir (New Balance water bottle) may be picked up at the NYRR RUNCENTER at 320 West 57th Street on the following dates:

    * Sunday, August 11, 9: 00 a. m. ­5: 00 p. m.

    * Monday­Friday, August 12­August 16, 7: 00 a. m. ­8: 00 p. m.

    * Saturday, August 17, 8: 00 a. m. ­7: 00 p. m.

    Show the QR code(二维码) from your race confirmation email or your NYRR account to pick up your race materials. Please pick up during the week to avoid crowds on race day. Race-day lines may affect your ability to get to the start on time. Please note that souvenirs may not be available at race-day pickup.

    Race-day pickup will be available at Race-Day Central in Central Park from 6: 00 a.m. to 7: 30 a. m.

    Detailed Route Info

    Begin your race on the west side of the 72nd St Transverse, and head south around the southern end of the park, continuing onto East Drive. Turn left onto the 72nd St Transverse and head to the finish line near Bethesda Terrace.