题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
广西桂林八中2018-2019学年高二上学期英语期中考试试卷
How to make friends at a new school
Starting with a new school can be difficult. Everything seems to be different, and you don't even know where to go for your own classes. However, if you use these skills, you can quickly turn some of those strangers into friends.
Be yourself.
If some people don't accept you, they're not the kind of friends you need. People often stay together because they have similar interests. For example, someone who does a lot of sport may make friends with those who also run or swim a lot.
Remember to be nice to the people you meet at your new school. If you think that you will say something that may make them feel sad, do not say anything and just nod your head if they talk to you. Also, remember to be as helpful as possible!
Believe in yourself.
A smile goes a long way. When you walk in the halls, don't keep your eyes on the floor. Raise your head and make eye contact with other people. Introduce yourself. Tell them your name and where you're from.
Remember people's names.
You like it when people use your name, and so do other people. Besides, ask them in a kind way if they have a nickname. You'd be surprised how often this might come in handy.
A. People may become angry if you just begin by saying “Hey” each time.
B. Be friendly to others.
C. Join afterschool activities you like.
D. Making new friends can be hard, too.
E. Don't sit at the back of the classroom where other people don't notice you!
F. If you see someone you know, smile or say “Hi”.
G. Never change who you are to try and fit in.
Every animal sleeps,but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month.{#blank#}1{#/blank#}
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. {#blank#}2{#/blank#} We know that, while awake,fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强)connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元)in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. {#blank#}3{#/blank#}
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. {#blank#}4{#/blank#} The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep,showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information —our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapscs become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. {#blank#}5{#/blank#} “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A. We should also try to sleep well the night before. B. Ti's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories. C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick. D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories. E. That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning. F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea. G. Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice. |
Cross-country skiing can be enjoyed by a wide range of students, from the youngest kindergartners to those secondary students. It is really a fun activity, providing students a gentle workout outside in winter. While having fun, students can gain physical and mental benefits.
The physical benefits of cross-country skiing are well-known. If we look at Olympic cross-country skiers, we can see the positive effects on the body that result from training for cross-country skiing.
The average best female cross-country skiers carry 11 percent body fat, and best male skiers carry 5 percent. These percentages are well below the average people who are considered to be athletic—17 percent for females and 10 percent for males. Burning a high number of calories while skiing helps to keep skiers slim in a healthy and attractive way.
Cross-country skiing is also an efficient way to exercise a large number of muscles at once. The upper body gets much more of workout because skiers use ski poles as a means of propulsion (推进), the force that drives skiers forward. Of course, the leg muscles also do their fair share. People who use cross-country skiing as a workout over several weeks will discover that the muscles of their whole body increase in strength.
Cross-country skiing on a regular basis has a tremendous effect on a person's cardiovascular (心血管的) system. In addition to gaining strength in the muscles of the upper and lower body, people who use cross-country skiing as a workout method over several weeks will also discover that their heart is stronger. A strong heart pumps more efficiently, sending out more blood to the muscles with each contraction (收缩). Through weeks of skiing, people often discover that their resting heart rate has decreased. Highly trained Olympic cross-country skiers have resting heart rates between 28 and 40 beats per minute. Compare that to the resting heart rate of the average person, which is 60 to 80 beats per minute!
The benefits of cross-country skiing extend beyond overall general health. A lot of evidence exists showing that regular physical activities increase the release of mood-lifting endorphins (内啡肽) in the body. After fun skiing lessons, students will be full of energy; they will be relaxed and in a better mood than when they started class. Students will leave class with a sense of accomplishment, knowing that they have developed new skills in a fun activity.
Cross-country skiing is a great way to exercise the whole body. Now more and more students are taking part in this exercise outside during the winter months. They are enjoying it and benefiting from it!
{#blank#}1{#/blank#} to cross-country skiing | Cross-country skiing is a winter activity suitable for students of{#blank#}2{#/blank#} ages which benefits them physically and mentally. | |
Benefits of cross-country skiing | Reducing body fat | Training for cross-country skiing{#blank#}3{#/blank#} their body positively, making them slim in a healthy way. |
{#blank#}4{#/blank#} muscles | Muscles can be built up{#blank#}5{#/blank#}if skiers take part in the activity. | |
Improving the cardiovascular system | ● A strong heart is beneficial to blood{#blank#}6{#/blank#}. ●{#blank#}7{#/blank#}with that of the average person, the resting heart rate of highly trained skiers is lower per minute. | |
Lifting mood | ● The release of mood-lifting endorphins can be {#blank#}8{#/blank#}● Students will be{#blank#}9{#/blank#} and relaxed after skiing lessons. | |
Conclusion | Cross-country skiing is such a good way to work out that a {#blank#}10{#/blank#} number of students are enjoying and benefiting from it. |
When times are tough, how should governments in poor countries ensure their citizens remain fed? In the past, most of them used subsidies (现金补助) to keep food prices low for all their citizens. But these policies have become ineffective: the cost of maintaining Egypt's food subsidies, for instance, nearly doubled between 2009 and 2013. And much of the money goes to the wrong people. In Egypt and the Philippines less than 20% of spending on food subsidies goes to poor households. In the Middle East and North Africa only 35% of subsidies reach 40% of the poorest, the IMF notes.
Motivated by a desire to control growing budget deficits (赤字) , many countries are replacing broad subsidies with policies aimed more directly at the needy. But what form should the targeted aid take? Earlier this month Iran introduced free handouts of food to replace its subsidy method. Other countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, have chosen instead to provide extra cash benefits to the poor. So far, food vouchers (代金券) have been the least popular option. Proposals to introduce food vouchers in such countries as Malaysia have been rejected on the basis that they were too American and un-Asian.
However, the researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) thought that might have been a mistake and analyzed the results of an experiment conducted by the World Food Programme in Ecuador, a South American country, in 2011, which compared handouts of food, cash and vouchers in the experiment. The study found that direct handouts— Iran's new policy—were the least effective option. They cost three times as much as vouchers to promote calorie intake by 15%, and were four times as costly as a way of increasing dietary diversity and quality. Distribution costs were high, and wastage was also a problem. Only 63% of the food given away was actually eaten, while 83% of the cash was spent on food and 99% of the vouchers were exchanged as intended. Food handouts have also been the costliest option in similar projects in some African countries, according to John Hoddinott at IFPRI.
In Ecuador there was little difference in cost between handing out cash and food vouchers, the other two options. But food vouchers were better at encouraging people to buy healthier foods because of restrictions on what items could be exchanged for them. It was 25% cheaper to promote the quality of household nutrition using food vouchers than it was by handing out cash.
A switch from universal subsidies to vouchers could be the most efficient way of promoting health as well as relieving poverty. This is very necessary in many developing countries, according to Lynn Brown, a consultant for the World Bank.
Topic |
Feeding expectations: Why food vouchers are a policy {#blank#}1{#/blank#} consideration in developing countries? |
Aim of universal subsidies |
To {#blank#}2{#/blank#} for the citizens in poor countries. |
Analyses of three policies |
Cash ●It keeps food prices low for all citizens. ●It is not {#blank#}3{#/blank#} in the long term: *The cost keeps increasing. *Much of the money doesn't reach those really in {#blank#}4{#/blank#} . |
Handouts of food ●The food can reach the needy {#blank#}5{#/blank#} . ●They cost twice more than vouchers to promote calorie intake. ●A lot of the food handed out is wasted, thus {#blank#}6{#/blank#} a matter of wastage. |
|
Food vouchers ●They work better when it {#blank#}7{#/blank#} to encouraging people to buy healthier foods. ●{#blank#}8{#/blank#} with handing out cash, using food vouchers costs much less. ●They are too American and un-Asian. |
|
Conclusion |
It's a {#blank#}9{#/blank#} to use vouchers in many developing countries because it not only helps to{#blank#}10{#/blank#} poverty but also promotes health most efficiently. |
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