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题型:阅读理解 题类:真题 难易度:普通

2012年高考英语真题试卷(上海卷)

阅读理解

    Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress related disorders.

    Until now,psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress.In other words,individuals either react with aggressive behavior,such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”),or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”).However,the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response,women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is,they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”),and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”).

    Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress,an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone.This hormone,called oxytocin,has been studied in the context of childbirth,but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator,Dr.Shelley E.Taylor,explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer,more relaxed,more social,and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin,its effects are reduced by male hormones.

    In terms of everyday behavior,the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends,or ask directions if they are lost.

    The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother,coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.

    The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tendandbefriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress,and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.

(1)、The UCLA study shows that in response to stress,men are more likely than women to ______.
A、turn to friends for help B、solve a conflict calmly C、find an escape from reality D、seek comfort from children
(2)、Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A、Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do. B、Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women. C、Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin. D、Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
(3)、What can be learned from the passage?
A、Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress. B、In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does. C、Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress. D、The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
(4)、Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A、How men and women get over stress B、How men and women suffer from stress C、How researchers overcome stress problems D、How researchers handle stress related disorders
举一反三
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。

    He met her at a party. She was outstanding; many guys were after her, but nobody paid any attention to him. After the party, he invited her for coffee. She was surprised, so as not to appear rude, she went along.

    As they sat in a nice coffee shop, he was too nervous to say anything and she felt uncomfortable. Suddenly, he asked the waiter, “Could you please give me some salt? I'd like to put it in my coffee."

    They stared at him. He turned red, but when the salt came, he put it in his coffee and drank. Curious, she asked, "Why salt with coffee?" He explained, "When I was a little boy, I lived near the sea. I liked playing on the sea. I could feel it salty, like salty coffee. Now every time I drink it, I think of my childhood and my hometown. I miss it and my parents, who are still there."

    She was deeply moved. A man who can admit that he's homesick must love his home and care about his family. He must be responsible. She talked too, about her faraway hometown, her childhood, her family. That was the start to their love story.

    They continued to date. She found that he met all her requirements. He was tolerant, kind, warm and careful. And to think she would have missed the catch if not for the salty coffee! So they married and lived happily together. And every time she made coffee for him, she put in some salt, the way he liked it.

    After 40 years, he passed away and left her a letter which said:

    My dearest, please forgive my life-long lie. Remember the first time we dated? I was so nervous that I asked for salt instead of sugar. It was hard for me to ask for a change, so I just went ahead. I never thought that we would hit it off. Many times, I tried to tell you the truth, but I was afraid that it would ruin everything. Sweetheart, I don't exactly like salty coffee. But as it mattered so much to you, I've learnt to enjoy it. Having you with me was my greatest happiness. If I could live a second time, I hope we can be together again, even if it means that I have to drink salty coffee for the rest of my life.

阅读理解

    When Ron first started with his organization, he loved his job. He went into work every day filled with purpose and passion (热情). Three years later, however, it was hard to recognize him. Now, Ron detests going to work. He feels that his work is meaningless, he's always stressed, and he calls in sick frequently.

    These are basic symptoms (征兆) of burnout. If you've experienced this yourself, it's important that you should know how to recover from it before you have difficulty in having a sense of satisfaction and then dislike your job.

    You first need to know why you've experienced burnout. First, look at any resentment (愤怒) that you feel towards your work. Often, feelings of resentment point to something important that is missing.

    Here's a good example. Jennifer manages a team around the world, so her workday often starts at 6 a.m. She doesn't mind this because she likes her team and her job. But she feels resentful when her boss forgets that she starts work so early and repeatedly asks her to stay late, which causes her to miss important time with her family.

    In this example, burnout wouldn't happen if Jennifer disliked her job; in fact, she loves what she does. She experiences burnout because she hates missing out on family time in the evenings.

    Take time to think about any negative feelings that you have about your role, and try to get to the root of the problem. Once you've known the cause of your burnout, write down at least one way that you can manage that source of stress. This might include giving some of your duties to others, working from home one day a week, or even changing roles.

阅读理解

    Antiquities are ancient objects and artworks. Museums acquire works to display from many different sources. Sometimes they purchase them. Other times they receive donations. Today there are strict rules forbidding art that has been stolen from other countries. However, antiquities that have been at museums for decades or even centuries may have arrived there by questionable means. Now, some countries claim that museums have a responsibility to return these antiquities to their original locations.

    There are many examples of this debate. Perhaps the most famous is the argument between Greece and the UK over the Elgin marbles. In the early 19th century, the Earl (伯爵) of Elgin had numerous sculptures taken from Greece to the UK. When Elgin did this, Greece was still a part of the Ottoman Empire. He claimed that he had received a permit to export the sculptures. Today the marbles are on display in the British Museum^ However, Greece wants them to be returned to their original location.

    Should museums return these antiquities? Experts disagree. Malcolm Bell III says yes. Bell is a retired professor of art at the University of Virginia. He says, “Many antiquities and artworks have special cultural value for a particular community or nation. When these works are removed from their original cultural setting they lose their context and the culture loses a part of its history.”

    According to Bell, a country's request for the return of an antiquity “usually has a strong legal basis.” It “was exported illegally, and is now stolen property.” He called the return of antiquities “an expression of justice.”

    James Cuno says not always. Cuno is president of an art museum in Los Angeles. He is also the author of the book Who Owns Antiquity?. Cuno agrees that museums have “a social and legal responsibility” to return illegally exported antiquities. However, he doesn't support the return of legally acquired works.

    “An area of land held today by a given nation-state in the past likely belonged to a different political entity (实体). Even if one wanted to reunite scattered works of art, where would one do so? Which among the many countries, cities, and museums in possession of parts of a work of art should be the chosen 'home' of the reunited work?” Cuno believes that museums should collect art from the world's diverse cultures. This should be done “through purchase or long-term loan and working in cooperation with museums and nations around the world.”

    This debate is far from over. As a complex question with no easy answer, the issue requires more study.

阅读理解

    If a trip to Rome or Paris is in your future, be prepared: The European Union Parliament is calling for an end to visa-free travel Americans. EU lawmakers passed a resolution urging the EU Commission to impose visas on U. S. citizens traveling into the 28-nation bloc.

    The dispute(争论)centers on reciprocal treatment of travelers from EU nations and the United States. While Americans have been able to travel throughout EU member nations without a visa, the U. S. still requires citizens of five EU countries-Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Poland and Romania-to apply for entry visas when visiting the U. S, Reuters reports. Citizens of the other 23 EU member nations can use the U. S. visa waiver program to enter America. The EU lawmakers are calling for mutual treatment for all EU citizens, says Reuters. They've given the EU Commission two months to respond.

    The trans-Atlantic visa dispute first came to light in April 2014, according to an EU Parliament news release. At that time, five countries-Australia, Brunei, Canada, Japan and the U. S. –required visas for some EU citizens. Since then, Australia, Brunei and Japan have lifted their visa requirements for all EU citizens. Canada, which currently imposes(推行)visa requirements on Bulgarian and Romanian citizens, plans to follow suit in next December, leaving just the United States at odds with the issue of reciprocity of visa-free travel with the EU.

The EU says if a visa requirement for Americans is introduced, it would be temporary, according to a story in Money, which did not give a time frame.

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