题型:任务型阅读 题类:模拟题 难易度:普通
上海市杨浦区2020届高三英语一模试卷(含听力音频)
A. Those with a slower pace also scored less well in physical exercises such as hand-grip strength and biological markers of good health. B. There are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers. C. In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person's tendency to walk, the less able their brain. D. Brain scanning during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume and less brain surface area. E. Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life. F. Researchers performed walking speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged people, comparing their psychological results. |
Slower Walkers Have Slower Minds, Scientists Reveal
Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk. However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the symbol of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said.
Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable understanding of older people's mental capability, as it is increasingly recognized that pace is associated with not only muscular strength but also the central nervous system. The relationship was so obvious, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia(痴呆).
Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45. This reflected both the participants' natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked to walk as fast as they could. Actually, slower walkers were shown to have "speeded aging" on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster.
The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years. The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that kids with lower IQ scores, lower linguistic ability and weaker emotional control tended to have slower walking speeds by middle age. .
The research team said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physical health or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed. Some of the differences in health and intellect may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.
Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness? {#blank#}1{#/blank#} The following are a few tips that I follow to create happiness in my life.
Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. Your mood will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.
Surround yourself with happy people. It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way. {#blank#}2{#/blank#}
When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self-pity. Truly happy people don't allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they ran turn the circumstances back to their favor.
{#blank#}3{#/blank#}These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continuous happiness.
{#blank#}4{#/blank#}Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing hath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance, you will be subconsciously putting yourself in a better mood.
Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness. {#blank#}5{#/blank#}
A. Cheerfulness doesn't always imply happiness. B. Find a way to joke about a situation that would otherwise make you happy. C. Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy. D. It's also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself. E. These are important questions for anyone who is staking happiness to ask themselves. F. Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods ran have a negative effect on your mood. G. On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional states will be infectious. |
When times are tough, how should governments in poor countries ensure their citizens remain fed? In the past, most of them used subsidies (现金补助) to keep food prices low for all their citizens. But these policies have become ineffective: the cost of maintaining Egypt's food subsidies, for instance, nearly doubled between 2009 and 2013. And much of the money goes to the wrong people. In Egypt and the Philippines less than 20% of spending on food subsidies goes to poor households. In the Middle East and North Africa only 35% of subsidies reach 40% of the poorest, the IMF notes.
Motivated by a desire to control growing budget deficits (赤字) , many countries are replacing broad subsidies with policies aimed more directly at the needy. But what form should the targeted aid take? Earlier this month Iran introduced free handouts of food to replace its subsidy method. Other countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, have chosen instead to provide extra cash benefits to the poor. So far, food vouchers (代金券) have been the least popular option. Proposals to introduce food vouchers in such countries as Malaysia have been rejected on the basis that they were too American and un-Asian.
However, the researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) thought that might have been a mistake and analyzed the results of an experiment conducted by the World Food Programme in Ecuador, a South American country, in 2011, which compared handouts of food, cash and vouchers in the experiment. The study found that direct handouts— Iran's new policy—were the least effective option. They cost three times as much as vouchers to promote calorie intake by 15%, and were four times as costly as a way of increasing dietary diversity and quality. Distribution costs were high, and wastage was also a problem. Only 63% of the food given away was actually eaten, while 83% of the cash was spent on food and 99% of the vouchers were exchanged as intended. Food handouts have also been the costliest option in similar projects in some African countries, according to John Hoddinott at IFPRI.
In Ecuador there was little difference in cost between handing out cash and food vouchers, the other two options. But food vouchers were better at encouraging people to buy healthier foods because of restrictions on what items could be exchanged for them. It was 25% cheaper to promote the quality of household nutrition using food vouchers than it was by handing out cash.
A switch from universal subsidies to vouchers could be the most efficient way of promoting health as well as relieving poverty. This is very necessary in many developing countries, according to Lynn Brown, a consultant for the World Bank.
Topic |
Feeding expectations: Why food vouchers are a policy {#blank#}1{#/blank#} consideration in developing countries? |
Aim of universal subsidies |
To {#blank#}2{#/blank#} for the citizens in poor countries. |
Analyses of three policies |
Cash ●It keeps food prices low for all citizens. ●It is not {#blank#}3{#/blank#} in the long term: *The cost keeps increasing. *Much of the money doesn't reach those really in {#blank#}4{#/blank#} . |
Handouts of food ●The food can reach the needy {#blank#}5{#/blank#} . ●They cost twice more than vouchers to promote calorie intake. ●A lot of the food handed out is wasted, thus {#blank#}6{#/blank#} a matter of wastage. |
|
Food vouchers ●They work better when it {#blank#}7{#/blank#} to encouraging people to buy healthier foods. ●{#blank#}8{#/blank#} with handing out cash, using food vouchers costs much less. ●They are too American and un-Asian. |
|
Conclusion |
It's a {#blank#}9{#/blank#} to use vouchers in many developing countries because it not only helps to{#blank#}10{#/blank#} poverty but also promotes health most efficiently. |
Many of the most memorable ad campaigns nowadays tend to be funny. Advertisers use this strategy to attract customers to their products. Audiences like to be entertained not forced. People will pay more attention to a humorous commercial than a factual serious one opening themselves up to be influenced. The key to funny advertising is assuring the humor is appropriate to both the product and customers. The balance between being funny and being obnoxious can often be delicate, and a marketer must be certain the positive effects outweigh the negative before an advertisement can be introduced.
The best products to sell using humor tend to be those that consumers think the least about. Products that are relatively inexpensive and often consumable can be represented without providing a lot of facts, and that's where there's room for humor. Candy, too, food, and entertainment-related products such as toys have got the most benefits from humor in their campaigns. One of the most important things to keep in mind is relevance to the product.
Another point to consider when using humor in advertising is that different things are funny to different people. A commercial that may make one person burst into laughter may leave a bad taste in another's mouth. The target market must always be considered, what's funny in a client presentation may not be funny on an airplane, at a country club or in hospital.
Humor in advertising tends to improve brand recognition but does not improve product recall message credibility, or buying intentions. In other words, consumers may be familiar with a good feeling towards the product, but their purchasing decisions will probably not be affected. One of the major keys to a successful humorous campaign is variety. Once a commercial start to wear out, it's impossible to save ii without some variation on the concept Humorous campaigns are often expensive because they have to be constantly changed. Advertisers must remember that while making customers laugh, they have to keep thing interesting because old jokes die along with their products.
Humor in advertising |
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Funny advertising |
•Humor in advertising can draw consumer's attention, and help them to {#blank#}1{#/blank#} an advertisement easily. •Humor in advertising should be well suited to the product and consumers. •A commercial should find the delicate {#blank#}2{#/blank#}between being funny and being obnoxious, and make sure its positive effects top its {#blank#}3{#/blank#} |
Products |
• Humor best {#blank#}4{#/blank#} for the products which are often {#blank#}5{#/blank#}, consumable and common. • Humor can be {#blank#}6{#/blank#} in the commercial when it's {#blank#}7{#/blank#}to represent the products with plenty of facts. •In an ad, humor should be {#blank#}8{#/blank#} to the products. |
Factors |
• Humor used in advertising should fit in with the target market. • Humorous advertising should show its {#blank#}9{#/blank#}. |
Influence |
The brand can be {#blank#}10{#/blank#} by many people but it doesn't necessarily have an effect on consumers purchasing desire. |
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