It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brulee latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.

    It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions（性情）, but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why should we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.

Moreover, we don't just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character — we infer characters that weren't there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn't. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.

Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance（符合）with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut's advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.”

    Blind people usually possess one advantage over other people who can see. Their sense of hearing is far more acute. Bats, whose sight is poor, use a sound location system to help them avoid blocks in the dark. They send out pulses of sound waves, pitched at 50,000 cycles per second, far above the limits of the human ear, which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about 20,000 cycles per second. As the echoes bounce back off obstacles such as trees and walls, the bats are able to take proper action.

    The first steps to help blind people to see with sound are based on exactly the same principle. The sound is given off by an ultrasonic (超声的) torch, whose shape is different from a normal electric torch. It is double-barreled. It works in a similar way to a sonar (声呐) unit on a warship or submarine. The unit's transmitter sends out pulses of ultrasonic waves at the same frequency as the bat and the receiver picks up the returning echoes. Because these are still above the frequency at which the human ear can pick them up. The echoes are filtered (过滤) through circuits that turn them into “bleeps” which can be clearly heard before passing them into headphones.

    This means that a person holding the torch can point it ahead of him and scan the area for obstacles over a range of about 25 feet. If there are no return echoes coming through the headphones, then there is nothing in the way. If echoes do come back, then the closer the obstruction the faster the succession of bleeps and the deeper the pitch of each bleep. With practice, the torch could help a blind person to lead a more normal life.

    At present, the experimental ultrasonic torch requires a shoulder bag to carry the batteries, cables for the power supplies and earphones, as well as the torch itself. Fortunately, reducing the size of the electronic equipment is progressing and it should not be long before the whole set-up can be reproduced in a form small enough to fit into a pair of glasses. The wearer would face in the direction he wanted to check, and lift or lower his head just as a sighted person would.

    Cheating can happen in a lot of different ways. When people cheat, it's not fair to other people, like the kids who studied for the test or who were the true winners of a game.

Many people like the action of cheating. It makes difficult things seem easy, like getting all the right answers on the test. But it doesn't solve the problem of not knowing the material and it won't help on the next test — unless the person cheats again.

    Some people lose respect for cheaters and think less of them. The cheaters themselves may feel bad because they know they are not really earning that good grade. And, if they get caught cheating, they will be in trouble at school, and maybe at home, too.

    Some kids cheat because they're busy or lazy and they want to get good grades without spending the time studying. Other kids might feel like they can't pass the test without cheating. Even when there seems to be a “good reason” for cheating, cheating isn't a good idea.

    If you were sick or upset about something the night before and couldn't study, it would be better to talk with the teacher about this. And if you don't have enough time to study for a test because of swim practice, you need to talk with your parents about how to balance swimming and school.

    A kid who thinks cheating is the only way to pass a test needs to talk with the teacher and his or her parents so they can find some solutions together. Talking about these problems and working them out will feel better than cheating.

    When Johnny, a homeless man, spent his last $20, he wasn't looking at it as an investment — but it's about to pay him huge profits. After he helped a woman who ran out of gas, she returned the favor by raising a lot more on the Internet.

    Kate McClure, 27, was driving to visit a friend when she ran out of gas halfway. “He saw me pull over and knew something was wrong," she wrote. "He told me to get back in the car and lock the doors. A few minutes later, he came back with a red gas can, using his last 20 dollars to make sure I could get home safe."

    She couldn't repay him at that time because she had no cash with her. "I have been stopping by his spot for the past few weeks. I repaid him for the gas and gave him some clothes."

    Kate decided to do more for him, so she started a crowdfunding(众筹) campaign on GoFundMe.com, and it quickly gained far beyond its initial $10,000 goal. When it reached $100,000, the fundraising page was shut down for a time at Johnny's request. Because he didn't want to seem like he was taking advantage of the situation. Finally, Kate said that she restarted it because the public interest had not decreased. She also added that Johnny planned to donate the rest to a good cause.

    According to the New York Post, Johnny wants to get a job at an Amazon warehouse and a department manager from the tech company has already reached out, saying he wants to help Jonny.

    Li Hua is currently studying at Cambridge, UK. She has bought a bicycle and is worried about security. Her friend, Kate, found this article and sent it to her.

    Introduction

    A lot of crime is against bicycles. About 150, 000 bicycles are stolen every year and most are never found. You can prevent this happening by following a few careful steps.

    Basic Security

    Do not leave your bicycle in out-of-the-way places. Always lock your bicycle when youleave. Secure it to lampposts or trees. Take off smaller parts and take them with you, for example lights and saddlesleave（车座）.

    Locks

    Get a good lock. There are many different types in the shops. Buy one that has been tested against attack. Ask for a recommendation from a bike shop.

    Marking

    Security marking your bike can act as a deterrent to a thief. It can also help the police find your bicycle. It should be clearly written and include your postcode and your house or flat number. This will provide a simple way to identify your bicycle.

    Registration (登记)

    There are a number of security companies who will help mark your bicycle for you. They will then put your registration number and personal details on their computer database. Then if your bicycle is found it will be easy to contact you.

    Finally

    Keep a record of the bicycle yourself: its maker, model and registration number. You can even take a photograph of it. This will prove the bicycle belongs to you.

The United Kingdom has several names and many people {#blank#}1{#/blank#}（confuse) by them. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later,the country Scotland and the Kingdom of Ireland joined the country {#blank#}2{#/blank#}（form) the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

{#blank#}3{#/blank#}（final) , in the 20th century,the southern part of Ireland broke away from the United Kingdom, {#blank#}4{#/blank#}resulted in the full name today:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The four countries {#blank#}5{#/blank#} (belong) to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. They use the same flag, {#blank#}6{#/blank#}(know) as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. However,there are some {#blank#}7{#/blank#}（different)between them.

The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history to explore,which can help you learn more about the country and its traditions. Wherever you go in the UK,you are surrounded {#blank#}8{#/blank#}evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history.

The first group, the Romans, came in {#blank#}9{#/blank#}first century. Some of their great achievements included building towns and roads. Next,the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the beginnings of the English language. The Vikings came in the eighth century, left behind lots of new vocabulary. The last group were the Normans. They had castles {#blank#}10{#/blank#} (build) all around England,and made changes to the legal system.