题型：任务型阅读 题类：常考题 难易度：困难
江苏省南京市金陵中学20182019学年高二下学期英语期末考试试卷
Observational Learning: To See Is to Know
A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were "fashionable," and how to interact with instructors.
With modeling, you observe others' behaviors, and then none, some, or all of these behaviors may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura's classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn't see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).
Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behaviors are appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.
Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behaviors and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors. Examples include letting highstatus students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first.
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Observational Learning: To See Is to Know |
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And application of observational learning |
Observational learning is learning that occurs through and imitation of others. |
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Observational learning helps people learn how to behavein their families and cultures. |
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Models and their |
Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate. |
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Bandura's study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become. |
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Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective. |
Children are more to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status. |
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Models to ourselves promote observational learning. |
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How to use observational learning in |
Modeling the behaviors and attitudes is an important approach. |
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Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method. |
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the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice. |
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注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
New discoveries suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began many centuries earlier than once thought. The findings add a fascinating new page to the epic(史诗）of the Silk Road, which spread far and wide in no time.
The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1,000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt. Other research may extend human activity along this route back even further, perhaps a million years to the moving of human ancestors into eastern Asia
The official origin of East-West trade along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wudi returned from a dangerous secret mission across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia. The agent, Zhang Qian, traveled as far as Afghanistan and brought back knowledge of even more distant lands such as Persia, Syria and a place known as Lijien, perhaps Rome. Historians(历史学家）have called this one of the most important journeys in ancient times. His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect contacts between the ancient world's two superpowers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to Central Asia for war horses, was soon finding its way to the markets of Rome through a network of businessmen.
But the new discoveries show that Chinese silk apparently existed in the West long before the Han emperor started organized trade over the Silk Road. The research could change thinking about the early history of world trade and provide insights into the mystery(谜) of just how and when Europe first realized the glorious culture at the other end of Eurasia.
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Supporting details |
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Introduction |
New findings about the {#blank#}1{#/blank#} of trade along the Silk Road are spread far and wide in no time. |
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The latest discovery |
The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1,0 BC makes all feel greatly surprised. The discovery suggests the trade along the Silk Road may {#blank#}2{#/blank#} back to an earlier time than once {#blank#}3{#/blank#}. |
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Zhang Qian's mission |
The accepted official {#blank#}4{#/blank#} of East-West commerce along the Silk Road. |
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Opening the way for the first indirect contacts between{#blank#}5{#/blank#}the two ancient superpowers, China and Rome {#blank#}6{#/blank#} Chinese silk to Central Asia and Persia Making Chinese silk {#blank#}7{#/blank#} the markets of Rome. |
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{#blank#}8{#/blank#}. |
Show the {#blank#}9{#/blank#} of Chinese silk in the West long before the Han Dynasty. Change thinking about the early history of world peace. Help people find out more facts about Europe first {#blank#}10{#/blank#} Chinese culture. |
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