题型：任务型阅读 题类：模拟题 难易度：普通
上海市虹口区2019届高三英语二模试卷（音频暂未更新）
If you shower before bed, you've probably wondered whether sleeping with damp hair is a problem. Maybe you've heard it could make you sick, or that it can damage your hair or skin.
What's the truth? Let's address the "it can make you sick" myth first. "" says Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of medicine. While this idea persists, Schaffner says it was long ago disproved. It's true that you're much more likely to catch a common cold during the winter months. But this has to do with the ways respiratory (呼吸的) viruses spread, he says.
Illness-causing bacteria and viruses don't appear naturally, and so you're not going to make yourself ill by getting your pillow a little damp at night, Schaffner says. But there is a possible exception. Some research has shown that pillows—especially those made with synthetic materials—can contain asthma- or allergy-triggering molds (哮喘或致敏菌) and fungus, which tend to do well in damp environments, and so do dust mites, says Dr. Payel Gupta, a spokesperson for the American Lung Association.
Gupta says there's no evidence that people who sleep with wet hair experience more allergy or asthma symptoms. But if you wake up with a stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, breathing problems or other allergy or asthma symptoms—or even if you don't—you should wash your pillow cases and sheets in hot water at least once a week to reduce your exposure to any potential irritants (刺激物).
When it comes to the health of your hair and skin, there may be a few other reasons to worry about wet hair. "Generally, it's thought not to be good for hair to sleep with it wet," says Dr. George Cotsarelis, a professor of dermatology (皮肤病学), ""
It's also worth noting that almost anything you do to your hair—from brushing and blow-drying it to coloring it or exposing it to the sun—can damage it.
A. Hence, any concerns about wet hair are theoretical.
B. In some cases, wet hair may actually be a helpful sleep aid.
C. Over time, it can lead to breakages, as well as a loss of shine.
D. There may be some mild risks associated with going to bed with wet hair.
E. Another wet-hair rumor (谣传) is the idea that harmful bacteria will colonize your pillow.
F. This idea seems to fit into the old bit of custom that getting yourself chilled and wet will cause you to come down with a cold.
Population ageing refers to the situation in which the average age of the citizens of a country increases as a result of longer life expectancy（预期寿命）of its citizens or a reduction in the number of births every year.Today, both developed and developing countries around the world are experiencing an increase in the average age of its citizens with a growing proportion（比例）of elders in the population.
An increase in the proportion of elderly persons in the population leads to a growing pool of volunteers.This has been considered as a global advantage where the elderly contribute free labor to community and government projects after retirement.These elders are more comfortable financially（财政上）and find pleasure in giving back to their communities and countries.Besides,older people are more experienced than younger people,and they can make use of their experience to help uphold morals（维护道德）and values in a country.
What's more,an ageing population has something to do with fewer children.This can save much cost because less money has to be used to meet the needs of fewer children and young people in the economy.This would result in lower public education cost,lower health-care cost and other social programs that are provided for children by the government.
However,there are also a lot of disadvantages.For example,an increase in the proportion of the elderly in the population raises questions as to how best to support them after retirement.Also older people are more likely to suffer from illnesses,so an increasing number of sick persons will put pressure on health care,which might not be able to meet the demand.
Furthermore,an ageing population also increases competition for jobs,especially if the retirement age is extended（延长）.As older members of the population have a longer time to retire,young people will find it more difficult to find jobs.In this case,fewer innovations（创新）and changes take place in organizations because companies are limited to old ways of doing things.
So,in order to solve these problems brought by an aging population,careful long-term strategic planning is required.The elderly are important and they have much to offer in helping the young people to understand their purpose in life.An increase in social enterprises（规划）should be the trend to help get the elderly involved in young people's lives.
An ageing population | |
Introduction | ●Population ageing refers to an increase in the average age of a country's citizens which is {#blank#}1{#/blank#}by the longer life expectancy and lower birth rates. ●Today,an ageing population is a(n){#blank#}2{#/blank#}problem. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} | ●More and more retired elderly people are willing to do something for their communities and countries for{#blank#}4{#/blank#}. ●Older people's{#blank#}5{#/blank#}can be good for the growth of young people. |
●An ageing population means a reduction in finances that are required to meet the needs of children and young people. | |
Disadvantages | ●Much money is needed to support a(n){#blank#}6{#/blank#}number of older people. ●With more older people{#blank#}7{#/blank#}from illnesses,this may increase health care costs. |
●An ageing population can make young people have{#blank#}8{#/blank#}in finding jobs. ●It is hard to develop innovations in organizations and companies. | |
{#blank#}9{#/blank#} | Make a careful long-term strategic plan to make sure that the elders play a{#blank#}10{#/blank#}in young people's lives. |
It is easy to miss amid the day-to-day headlines of global economic recession, but there is a less obvious kind of social upheaval（剧变）underway that is fast changing both the face of the planet and the way human beings live. That change is the rapid growth in urbanization. In 2008, for the first time in human history, more than half the world's population was living in towns and cities. And as a recently published paper shows, the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come—with an enormous impact on biodiversity and potentially on climate change.
As Karen Seto, the lead author of the paper, points out, the wave of urbanization isn't just about the migration of people into urban environments, but about the environments themselves becoming bigger to provide enough room for all those people. The rapid expansion of urban areas will have a huge impact on biodiversity hotspots and on carbon emissions in those urban areas.
Humans are the ultimate invasive species-when they move into new territory, they often displace the wildlife that was already living there. And as land is cleared for those new cities—especially in the dense tropical forests-carbon will be released into the atmosphere as well. It's true that as people in developing nations move from the countryside to the city, the shift may reduce the pressure on land, which could in turn be good for the environment. This is especially so in desperately poor countries, where residents in the countryside slash and burn forests each growing season to clear space for farming. But the real difference is that in developing nations, the move from rural areas to cities often leads to an accompanying increase in income—and that increase leads to an increase in the consumption of food and energy, which in turn causes a rise in carbon emissions. Getting enough to eat and enjoying the safety and comfort of living fully on the grid is certainly a good thing-but it does carry an environmental price.
The urbanization wave can't be stopped—and it shouldn't be. But Seto's paper does underscore the importance of managing that transition. If we do it the right way, we can reduce urbanization's impacts on the environment “There's an enormous opportunity here, and a lot of pressure and responsibility to think about how we urbanize,” says Seto. “One thing that's clear is that we can't build cities the way we have over the last couple of hundred years. The scale of this transition won't allow that.” We're headed towards an urban planet no matter what, but whether it becomes heaven or hell is up to us.
Title | Urbanization |
Present {#blank#}1{#/blank#} | Throughout the world, over half population live in urban areas with the process of urbanization still {#blank#}2{#/blank#} up in the coming decade. |
Characteristics | ·People {#blank#}3{#/blank#} into urban environments. ·Environments become bigger to {#blank#}4{#/blank#} all those from rural areas. |
{#blank#}5{#/blank#} | Biodiversity hot-spots and carbon emissions in the areas will be {#blank#}6{#/blank#} . |
Means of urbanization | {#blank#}7{#/blank#} the wildlife away from where they used to live. ·Clear land to make {#blank#}8{#/blank#} for new cities. {#blank#}9{#/blank#} more food and energy, causing a rise in carbon emissions. |
Conclusion | We should {#blank#}10{#/blank#} the way we have built cities so as to manage the transition and reduce the impacts on environment. |
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