题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
广西南宁市第八中学2016-2017学年高二下学期英语期末考试试卷
The Bystander (旁观者) Effect
When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty” Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help.The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect.Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.
In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and
A. They hesitate and assess the risk of getting hurt
B. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.
C. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is unclear.
D. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility.
E. they did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
F. none of the people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help.
G. the attacker didn't stop stabbing her.
When was the last time you read a book or a magazine article? Do your everyday reading habits centre around updates on the Internet? In case you are one of countless individuals who don't make a habit of reading you may be passing up a great chance: Reading has a number of advantages and only a couple of advantages of reading are recorded below.
Everything you read fills your head with new bits of information and you never know when it might be useful to you. The more knowledge you have, the better-equipped you are to overcome any challenge you'll ever face. Besides, here's a bit of food for thought:Should you ever find yourself in a terrible situation, remember that although you might lose everything else — your job, your possessions, your money, even your health — knowledge can never be taken from you.
At the same time, the more you read, the more words you gain, and they'll surely make their way into your everyday vocabulary. Being able to express your ideas clearly in words is of great help and knowing that you can speak to higher-ranking people with self-confidence can be a great encouragement to your self-esteem(自尊). Reading books is also important for learning new languages, as non-native speakers gain exposure to words used in context, which will improve their own speaking and writing fluency.
When you read a book, you have to remember a lot of characters, their backgrounds, ambitions, history as well as the various plots(各种各样的情节) through every story. That's a fair bit to remember, but brains are wonderful things and can remember these things with ease. Amazingly enough, whenever you remember something new, new synapses(神经元的突触) are formed and existing ones are strengthened. How cool that is!
No matter how much stress you have at work, in your personal relationships, or countless other issues faced in daily life, it all just slips away when you lose yourself in a great story. A well-written novel can transport you to other fields while an interesting article will distract(使分心) you and keep you in the present moment, letting stress away and allowing you to relax.
You Should Read Every Day | |
Knowledge Accumulation (积累) | ◆ The more you read, the more adequately it {#blank#}1{#/blank#}you for different troubles in life. ◆ Knowledge is what will stay with you {#blank#}2{#/blank#}. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#}expansion | ◆ You can enlarge your vocabulary by reading, which may help you in your job and make you {#blank#}4{#/blank#}when you talk with your leaders. ◆ Words in context will help a foreign language learner use the language {#blank#}5{#/blank#} |
{#blank#}6{#/blank#}improvement | ◆ You will try to {#blank#}7{#/blank#}in mind the contents of a book while reading and that is somewhat {#blank#}8{#/blank#}for your brain. ◆ The more you try to remember, the{#blank#}9{#/blank#}you will be at remembering. |
Stress reduction | ◆ An interesting writing will transfer your attention to its plot so that you feel {#blank#}10{#/blank#}and forget about your worries. |
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When a thought has found words
Poetry is the forgotten child of literature. Few people read it for pleasure and modern poets are looked upon as odd creatures from a strange universe. In Western high schools, poetry is seldom taught because it is considered old-fashioned and not relevant to the needs of today's students.
In China, however, poetry is still an important part of the curriculum and, with recent changes announced by the Ministry of Education, the number of poems students will have to memorize and recite is being increased from fourteen to seventy-two. Now, before you gasp in horror, let's think about the reasons why studying so many poems, especially ancient poems, is important.
First of all, poetry is an essential part of traditional Chinese culture. It is a pathway to understanding your history and your society. It is also the key to understanding the thoughts and emotions that are common to everyone but which we may be unable to express—the joy of Li Bai dancing with the moon, for example. Everyone has feelings of joy, love, loneliness, sadness and even anger, and a good poem can put those emotions into words and bring us self-understanding.
Poems can also express beauty. In a few short lines, even something commonplace can become beautiful. Here is a poem called "Fog" by Carl Sandberg: The fog comes / on silent haunches (弓腰蹲着) / and then moves on. Yes, fog does move smoothly, silently and mysteriously like a cat, and Sandberg captures that feeling and image, and makes it beautiful.
Of course, to really appreciate poetry, it has to be really aloud. After all, a poem is really just a song without music. Most ancient poetry, especially Western poetry, was actually spoken before it was written. Take Homer's Iliad (伊利亚德), the story of the Trojan War (特洛伊战争), for example. That epic saga (史诗般的故事) of Helen's kidnapping and the war that followed was apparently told for hundreds of years in palaces, taverns (客栈) and on street corners before Homer wrote it down and was given credit for it.
The American poet Robert Frost said, "Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words." And poems are very concise—there is not a wasted word. You are lucky that you now have seventy-two poems to learn!
Passage outline |
Detailed information |
Awkward situation |
Poetry is thought to be {#blank#}1{#/blank#} from the life of people and poets beyond the understanding of ordinary people. |
China's recent {#blank#}2{#/blank#} |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#}the number of poems for school students to memorize and recite |
{#blank#}4{#/blank#} behind |
Poetry is a reflection of Chinese culture. Learning poems help with the {#blank#}5{#/blank#} of history and society. Poems enable people to express thoughts and feelings which would otherwise be {#blank#}6{#/blank#} to express. Poetry conveys the beauty that {#blank#}7{#/blank#} in common things. Poems use as {#blank#}8{#/blank#} words as possible. |
A tip on {#blank#}9{#/blank#} |
Poetry is to read out. Poems are songs without music; Many ancient poems first appeared in {#blank#}10{#/blank#} form. |
Conclusion |
Chinese students should feel lucky to have seventy two poems to learn! |
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