题型:阅读表达 题类:常考题 难易度:困难
北京市大兴区2016年九年级上学期英语期末考试试卷
On June 26th, 2000, two scientists, called Francis Collins and Craig Venter, told the world that they could now read the whole “map” of the human body: DNA. DNA is something that all humans have, and it tells the body what to do. DNA is the reason that we look like our mother and father, because we get some of their DNA to make our own. Now we can read some of this “map”, and so we can find out more about how our bodies work.
People have been trying to understand the human body for a long time. In 1860, Gregory Mendel discovered that there is a special reason why we look the same as other people in our family. It is because of small things called “genes” that we have in our body. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick made another discovery and found out that those small parts are really messages written in the DNA with a special language.
In 1961, Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Matthaei found the first “word” that they could understand in that language, showing how DNA tells the cell to build its parts. This meant that one day we would be able to read all the messages that a human body gets from its parents' bodies. Scientists have now found all the words in DNA map, but we still do not understand what they all do. By understanding what just one “word” means, we can help save people from several diseases. So the more we understand, the more doctors will be able to do.
Most people hope that this will help to make better medicine and help people who are very ill. Other people worry about that when we learn more words and find out lots of other information, we still use it in the wrong way, just to make people more attractive, or stop sick people getting jobs.
Children's games in ancient China | |
Flying kites | Kites have quite a long history. The earliest kites were made of wood. Now in China, the three most famous kites are the Beijing kite, Tianjin kite and Weifang kite, each of which has its own characteristic (特征). |
Playing diabolo | Diabolo is always made of wood or bamboo and is hollow (空心的) in the center. When juggled (抛接) on ropes, the high-speed rotating (旋转的) diabolo will make a sound. Playing diabolo is a very interesting game. |
Watching shadow plays | The closest thing to watch a film or television during ancient times was watching a shadow play. People control puppets (木偶) behind the screen while singing with music to tell a story. Shadow play was listed as a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in 2006. |
Setting off firecracker | Firecrackers have a history of more than 2,000 years. It is said that people burnt bamboo joints (节) to make it blast (爆炸) to drive away the beast named Nian in ancient China. Firecrackers are still set off during Spring Festival to symbolize hope and luck. |
symbol; same; so; Chinese; traditional; change; modern; many; mean; writing; read |
Ancient and Modern Chinese Characters (汉字)
When people write in English they use letters of the alphabet (字母表). People who write in {#blank#}1{#/blank#}, however, use characters that stand for words or ideas. Historians believe Chinese {#blank#}2{#/blank#} began as early as 1,500 BC. The earliest forms were called "oracle bones (甲骨文)". These were animal bones marked with pictures and {#blank#}3{#/blank#}. By 1,400 BC, the Chinese writing system (系统) had become more difficult. It had {#blank#}4{#/blank#} than 2,500 characters. Around 220 BC in Qin Dynasty, Chinese characters became standardized. This means that everyone used the {#blank#}5{#/blank#} characters.
Many {#blank#}6{#/blank#} Chinese characters are similar to those from 2,000 years ago. For example, the character that means man in the Lishu system from 200 BC is similar to the character that {#blank#}7{#/blank#} man from the Jiantizi, or modern simplified system, of the twentieth century.
People have worked to {#blank#}8{#/blank#} Chinese characters over the centuries. The most important changes happened in the twentieth century. The Chinese government simplified many characters {#blank#}9{#/blank#} more people could learn to {#blank#}10{#/blank#}. This simpler system is used in the mainland (大陆) of China and Singapore. {#blank#}11{#/blank#} characters are used in Chinese Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Even with these changes, Chinese writing from 2,200 years ago is still understood today.
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