题型：任务型阅读 题类：常考题 难易度：困难
2016届江苏如东高级中学高三上学期期中英语试卷
ID systems are used as a means for people to prove their identity, as a means of access control, or for many other situations. ID cards also contain a lot more information than simply the name of the holder. All ID cards contain information that is relevant to the institution that released them, so there is no single model that applies to all ID cards.
Different institutions have different rules when it comes to ID cards, and ID cards used by students, in universities, will not have the same security features as those used in the military, for example. The more important the institution is, the more important the security is, and the more security features will be used to prevent duplication(复制) of an ID card.
Anyone with a printer that can print ID cards can duplicate in ID card, if it does not have any security measures. There have been lots of cases, especially in low security institutions, where ID cards have been duplicated and this was not noticed, since the person holding the card usually flashed it when it was requested, and that was not enough to notice that it is a fake.
That may not be extremely important when it is simply a case of a student trying to enter the campus of another university, but it can be of vital importance if it happens in a military institution. Checks in military institutions are much stricter and the personnel checking the card are always trained to spot fakes in a short amount of time.
Some may think that creating an ID card is extremely difficult, but it is not. All it takes is a special printer that can print ID cards, a model and a photo ID. The fact that such printers can be freely ordered online has raised security issues with lots of companies and institutions, and most have decided to either create their own ID cards, or simply use more advanced security features that regular home-users do not have access to. This includes magnetic stripes(磁条), chips, barcodes(条形码),and other methods. This does increase the cost of the card per person, so the total cost of the cards increases based on the number of employees the company has, but it also reduces security risks to a minimum.
So ID systems, as basic as they seem, are an excellent security measure for any institution. To ensure that the IDs look good and function properly, the company that handles the card printing services should be top-class. Trying to save some money by choosing a cheaper provider is not really wise. While some companies offer bonuses for large orders, if the quality provided is not of the highest standard, it is not worth it.
ID systems | |
Passage outline | Supporting details |
to ID system | There is not a single model to all ID cards because of different information contained in different ID cards. Different security features are decided by the degree of the of the institutions |
Security features of ID cards | With no security measures quite a lot of of ID card duplication have happened. In a military institution ID cards are more strictly |
of ID cards | It is not to make ID cards with special printers. Using magnetic stripes, chips and barcodes the safety of ID cards. |
The author's advice | basic and simple, ID systems are an excellent security measure. It's wise to top-class providers or services to ensure ID cards of a fine quality. |
Anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress.Some stresses get you going and they are good for you – without any stress at all many say our lives would be boring and would probably feel pointless. However,when the stresses undermine both our mental and physical health they are bad.In this text we shall be focusing on stress that is bad for you.
When we are stressed the following happens:
Blood pressure rises
Breathing becomes more rapid
Heart rate (pulse) rises
Muscles become tense
We do not sleep (heightened state of alertness)
Most of us have varying interpretations of what stress is about and what matters.Some of us focus on what happens to us,such as breaking a bone or getting a promotion,while others think more about the event itself.How you see that stressful event will be the largest single factor that impacts on your physical and mental health.Your interpretation of event and challenges in life may decide whether they are invigorating or harmful for you.
There are three broad methods you can follow to treat stress.
Self help for treating stress
Exercise has been proven to have a beneficial effect on a person's mental and physical state.For many people exercise is an extremely useful stress buster.
Alcohol and drugs will not help you manage your stress better.Either stop consuming them completely,or cut down.
If you consumption of coffee and other drinks which contain caffeine is high,cut down.
Eat plenty of fruit and vegetable.Make sure you have a healthy and balanced diet.
Talk to your family,friends,work colleagues and your boss.Express your thoughts and worries.
Stress management techniques
Stress management can help you t keep away from the source of stress,change the way you view a stressful event,and lower the impact that stress might have on your body.Stress management therapy will have the objective of pursuing one or more of these approaches.
Medicines
Doctors will not usually prescribe medications for coping with stress,unless the patient has an underlying illness,such as depression or some type of anxiety.If that is the case,the doctor is actually treating a mental illness.In such cases,an antidepressant may be prescribed.Bear in mind that there is a risk that all the medication will do is mask the stress,rather than help you deal and cope with it.
Stress | |
Passage outline | Supporting details |
Understanding of stress | • Stress is pressure or worry {#blank#}1{#/blank#}by the stressors in your life. • Some stresses{#blank#}2{#/blank#} you while some others make you suffer. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} of stress | • You have {#blank#}4{#/blank#}blood pressure. • Your heart{#blank#}5{#/blank#} faster. • Your become sleepless. • Your breath and muscles are abnormal. |
Attitudes towards stress | • You care about what concerns{#blank#}6{#/blank#} • You pay attention to what is{#blank#}7{#/blank#} around you. • Above all,how you look at challenges affects your health. |
Ways to deal with stress | • Exercise, a proper diet, communication help to {#blank#}8{#/blank#} your stress while alcohol,drugs and coffee do not. • Stress management guides you how to {#blank#}9{#/blank#} and reduce stress. • Medicines can be used to treat a mental illness but cannot solve the problem {#blank#}10{#/blank#} |
Pleasure and Enjoyment
When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness consists in experiencing pleasure: good food, all the comforts that money can buy. We imagine the satisfaction of traveling to exciting places or being surrounded by expensive devices. If we cannot afford those goals, then we are happy to settle for a quiet evening in front of the television set with a drink close by.
Pleasure is a feeling of contentment that one achieves whenever expectations set by biological programs or by social conditioning have been met. The taste of food when we are hungry is pleasant because it reduces a physiological (生理的) imbalance. Resting in the evening while passively absorbing information from TV, with alcohol or drugs to dull the mind overexcited by the demands of work, is pleasantly relaxing. Traveling to Acapulco is pleasant because the exciting novelty (新奇) restores our sensations (感觉) exhausted by the repetitive routines of everyday life.
When people think further about what makes their lives rewarding, they tend to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap(重叠) with pleasurable ones but fall into a category that deserves a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events occur when a person has not only met some expectation or satisfied a need or a desire but also gone beyond what he or she has been programmed to do and achieved something unexpected, perhaps something even unimagined before.
Enjoyment is characterized by this forward movement: by a sense of novelty, of accomplishment. Playing a close game of tennis that stretches one's ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that reveals things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. Closing a contested business deal, or any piece of work well done, is enjoyable. None of these experiences may be particularly pleasurable at the time they are taking place, but afterward we think back on them and say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, that our self has grown: in some respect, we have become more complex as a result of it.
Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two sensations are quite different. For instance, everybody takes pleasure in eating. To enjoy food, however, is more difficult. A gourmet (美食家) enjoys eating, as does anyone who pays enough attention to a meal so as to discriminate the various sensations provided by it. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any investment of psychic energy, whereas enjoyment happens only as a result of unusual investments of attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, but it is impossible to enjoy a tennis game, a book, or a conversation unless attention is fully concentrated on the activity.
Pleasure and Enjoyment
Main contents | Detailed information |
Pleasure | Pleasure is a feeling that one achieves what one has{#blank#}1{#/blank#} on a biological or social level. Things like good food, exciting travelling and a quiet rest can ring one pleasure because they can help restore one's physiological balance, reduce one's heavy{#blank#}2{#/blank#}pressure and save one from boredom. |
Enjoyment | Enjoyment {#blank#}3{#/blank#}from the achievement of something unexpected or even unimagined before. Enjoyment {#blank#}4{#/blank#}a sense of novelty and accomplishment such as a close tennis game, a valuable book and a conversation productive of ideas. |
{#blank#}5{#/blank#} | Pleasure is often related to the comforts that money can buy, while enjoyment, more linked to one's inner world, makes one feel rewarded and changed for the{#blank#}6{#/blank#}. While some experiences give both pleasure and enjoyment, some enjoyable ones are not pleasurable when taking place but bring wonderful feelings{#blank#}7{#/blank#}. Pleasure requires no{#blank#}8{#/blank#}while enjoyment can never be achieve without the investment of the full {#blank#}9{#/blank#}of attention. |
Conclusion | Enjoyment is a {#blank#}10{#/blank#}level of pleasure and the two differ from each other in several aspects. |
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