题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
黑龙江省大兴安岭漠河县第一中学2019-2020学年高一上学期英语期末考试试卷(含听力音频)
While rhythms in the foreground of music are often dominated (支配) by higher tones, rhythms in the background of music are often made up of lower tones, such as the bass lines of jazz and blues, and the left-hand and low-pitched rhythms of the piano.
"Music in diverse cultures is composed this way, from classical East Indian music to Gamelan music of Java and Bali, suggesting an inborn origin," said Laurel Trainor. To find out why lower tones might dominate rhythms in music, Laurel Trainor and her co-workers had 35 volunteers listen to two streams of piano tones produced in a computer, each of a different pitch (音调).
In one set of experiments, the researchers scanned the brain activity of the volunteers as they listened to these streams of tones, showing the brains of the participants responded more strongly when the lower tones were off beat. In another set of experiments, the researchers had the volunteers tap their fingers in time with the streams of tones, and they discovered the participants changed their finger tapping to follow changes in timing of the lower tones more often than for the higher tones.
These findings suggest people are better at detecting mistakes in the timing of a rhythm when they happen with lower tones, which could explain why lower tones dominate musical rhythms. "There is a physiological basis for why we create music the way we do," Trainor said. "Almost all people will respond more to the beat when it is carried by lower-pitched instruments."
Trainor and her co-workers also found that people are better at sensing the higher-pitched of two real-time sounds. This could explain why rhythms are commonly expressed by higher tones.
"Indeed, high-pitched instruments can carry important rhythmic aspects―for example in jazz, higher-pitched instruments often add rhythmic interest—so the rhythm is an interaction between different instruments," Trainor said. "What we are saying is that most typically bass-range instruments lay down the basic beat."
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