Linda and Lily are sisters. Linda is fourteen1old and Lily is eleven. They2in Beijing with their parents this year. They are3in Beijing, so they don't know much about it. They are students, but they are not in the same school. Linda's school is not near (在……附近) her home. How4is it from her home to school? It's about five kilometers. So she usually goes to school5bus. She walks to the bus stop near her home first. And then she6a bus to school.7usually takes her half an hour to get to school.

    Lily's school is8one kilometer from her home. She usually9her bike to school.10when she gets up early sometimes, she will walk to school. She likes walking in the fine weather (天气). When she goes to school by bike, it usually takes her ten minutes. When she walks, it always takes her twenty — five minutes.

    Grandparents are respected in many human societies. But telling stories about old times and overfeeding grandchildren seem like human qualities. Are these classic grandparent behaviors really limited to humans?

Do any animals know their grandparents the way people do?

For most species on Earth, the answer is certainly " No" . " Usually, there aren't grandparents around anymore when an animal is born,"  said Mirkka Lahdenpera, a biologist at the University of Turku in Finland. " Even if an animal's life span does overlap (重叠) with its grandparents', most species spread out to avoid competing for resources, so the chance of running into a grandparent is slim." 

But there are a few clear exceptions, primarily among mammals (哺乳动物) that live in close social groups. In troops of langur monkeys in India, older females lived together with their daughters and grandchildren. The grandmother langurs defend the group's babies against attacks and even give their own grandchildren special treatment.

Many whale species, too, travel in family groups that include both grandmothers and grandchildren.

Elephant herds are also famously matriarchal. They are led by a grandmother, who can live to around 80 years old, and are generally made up of her daughters and their young. The females in a herd form close bonds and work together to raise their young.

Lahdenper found that the babies of young mothers were eight times more likely to survive if their grandmothers lived near them than if they didn't. When the young mothers were older and more experienced at raising babies, this beneficial grandmother effect disappeared even if the actual grandmothers were still around.

Indeed, most evidence for the benefits of grand parenting comes from mammals. But in 2010, researchers found that in troops of insects called gall-forming aphids, older females defend their relatives after they've stopped reproducing (繁殖).

And what about grandfathers? Studies of humans in recent decades have shown that a living grandfather can improve a person's mental health and other indicators of well-being. But there's no evidence of that in the animal kingdom. Male animals rarely socialize with their own children, let alone any grandchildren.

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