阅读理解
There has, in recent years,
been an outpouring of information about the impact of buildings on the natural environment.
Information which explains and promotes green and sustainable construction design,
strives to convince others of its efficacy (功效) and warns of the dangers of ignoring the issue.
Seldom do these documents offer any advice to practitioners, such as those designing
mechanical and electrical systems for a building, on how to use this knowledge on
a practical level.
Although there are a good
many advocates of "green" construction in the architectural industry,
able to list enough reasons why buildings should be designed in a sustainable way,
not to mention plenty of architectural firms with experience in green design, this
is not enough to make green construction come into being. The driving force behind
whether a building is constructed with minimal environmental impact lies with the
owner of the building; that is, the person financing the project. If the owner considers
green design unimportant, or of secondary importance, then more than likely, it
will not be factored into the design.
The commissioning
(委任) process plays a key role in
ensuring the owner gets the building he wants, in terms of design, costs and risk.
At the predesign stage, the owner's objectives and expectations are discussed and
documented. This gives a design team a solid foundation on which they can build
their ideas. Owners who skip the commissioning process, or fail to take "green"
issues into account when doing so, often come a cropper once their building is up
and running. Materials and equipment are installed as planned, and, at first glance,
appear to fulfil their purpose adequately. However, in time, the owner realizes
that operational and maintenance costs are higher than necessary, and that the occupants
are dissatisfied with the results. These factors in turn lead to higher ownership
costs as well as increased environmental impact.
In some cases, an owner may
be aware of the latest trends in sustainable building design. However, firms should
not take it as read that the client already has an idea of how green he intends
the structure to be. Indeed, this initial interaction between owner and firm is
the ideal time for a designer to outline and promote the ways that green design
can meet the client's objectives, thus turning a project originally not destined
for green design into a potential candidate.
Typically, when considering
whether or not to adopt a green approach, an owner will ask about additional costs
or return for investment. In a typical project, landscape architects, mechanical
and electrical engineers do not become involved until a much later stage. However,
in green design, they must be involved from the outset, since green design demands
interaction between these disciplines. This increased cooperation clearly requires
additional cost. However, there may be financial advantage for the client in choosing
a greener design. There are examples of green designs which have demonstrated lower
costs for long-term operation, ownership and even construction.