题型:阅读理解 题类:模拟题 难易度:普通
上海市徐汇区2020届高三英语二模试卷(含听力音频)
There has, in recent years, been an outpouring of information about the impact of buildings on the natural environment. Information which explains and promotes green and sustainable construction design, strives to convince others of its efficacy (功效) and warns of the dangers of ignoring the issue. Seldom do these documents offer any advice to practitioners, such as those designing mechanical and electrical systems for a building, on how to use this knowledge on a practical level.
Although there are a good many advocates of "green" construction in the architectural industry, able to list enough reasons why buildings should be designed in a sustainable way, not to mention plenty of architectural firms with experience in green design, this is not enough to make green construction come into being. The driving force behind whether a building is constructed with minimal environmental impact lies with the owner of the building; that is, the person financing the project. If the owner considers green design unimportant, or of secondary importance, then more than likely, it will not be factored into the design.
The commissioning (委任) process plays a key role in ensuring the owner gets the building he wants, in terms of design, costs and risk. At the predesign stage, the owner's objectives and expectations are discussed and documented. This gives a design team a solid foundation on which they can build their ideas. Owners who skip the commissioning process, or fail to take "green" issues into account when doing so, often come a cropper once their building is up and running. Materials and equipment are installed as planned, and, at first glance, appear to fulfil their purpose adequately. However, in time, the owner realizes that operational and maintenance costs are higher than necessary, and that the occupants are dissatisfied with the results. These factors in turn lead to higher ownership costs as well as increased environmental impact.
In some cases, an owner may be aware of the latest trends in sustainable building design. However, firms should not take it as read that the client already has an idea of how green he intends the structure to be. Indeed, this initial interaction between owner and firm is the ideal time for a designer to outline and promote the ways that green design can meet the client's objectives, thus turning a project originally not destined for green design into a potential candidate.
Typically, when considering whether or not to adopt a green approach, an owner will ask about additional costs or return for investment. In a typical project, landscape architects, mechanical and electrical engineers do not become involved until a much later stage. However, in green design, they must be involved from the outset, since green design demands interaction between these disciplines. This increased cooperation clearly requires additional cost. However, there may be financial advantage for the client in choosing a greener design. There are examples of green designs which have demonstrated lower costs for long-term operation, ownership and even construction.
LOST AND FOUND | ROOMMATES |
FOUND: Cat, 6 months old, black and white marking. Found near Linden and South U. Steve, 800-4661. | FEMALE ROOMMATE WANTED Own room near campus. Available December 1. Rent $80 per month until March 1st. $129 Thereafter. Call Jill for details. 800-7839. |
LOST: Gold wire rim glasses in brown case. Campus area. Reward. Call Gregg 800-2896. | Need person to assume lease for own bedroom in apt. Near campus, $92/mo. Starting Jan. 1st. Call 800-6157 after 5 pm. |
FORSALE | HELP WANTED |
MOVING: Must sell. TV b/w 12, $50; AM/FM transistor radio A/C or battery, $15; cassette tape recorder, $10; music records. Call John or Pat, 800-0739 after 5 pm or weekends. | BABYSITTER—MY HOME If you are available a few hours during the day, some evenings and occasional weekends to care for 2 school-age children, please call Gayle Moore days 800-1111, evenings and weekends 800-4964. |
USED FUR COATS and JACKETS. Good condition. $50-$125. Call 800-0436 after 12 noon. | WAITRESS WANTED. 10am-2pm or 10:30 am-5pm. Apply in person, 207S. Main, Curtis Restaurant. |
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