阅读理解
Once
upon a time, science fiction was just a style among other styles. There were
crime stories, there were horror stories, there was literary fiction, and there
was science fiction. But today science themes dominate these other styles. It's
difficult to think of much modern crime, horror or "serious" fiction
that doesn't involve science.
And
its not just books. With every second movie and computer game having a sci-fi
element, science fiction seems to have controlled our entire entertainment
culture. It's clear that if we want to define science fiction, we should relate
it to the role that science plays in our lives.
Although
some experts have claimed to be able to trace sci-fi back to ancient times, it
is more reasonable to find it in initial form in the 19th century,
when industrial societies arose. One of the features that set industrial
societies apart from other kinds was the increasing part that science played in
everyday life. Factories with vast machines turned out huge quantities of
goods, which were transported by trains, motor vehicles and ships all over the
world. Cities were built on the back of technology, with electricity in homes
and hospitals helping everyone to lead healthier, more convenient lives. All of
these changes had great effects not only on people's real lives, but on their
imaginative ones.
Writers
began to describe these changing physical and mental landscapes, eventually
giving science fiction a large and devoted fan base of especially young
readers, who found that it spoke to their curiosity about the future that
science would create.
But
sci-fiction reflected fears about science more than it did hopes. These typical
early science fiction novels might be a UK novel like H. G. Wells' The War of
the worlds (1897). With great skill, Wells played upon the fears of technology
by imagining Earth under threat by a civilization-that of men from Mars.
The
science fiction of today expresses the impact of the computing revolution,
robotics and our environmental challenges, while it is less concerned with "little
green men from Mar" and other themes of past sci-fiction.
Given
that science, technology and polities are always intertwined, contemporary
science fiction often has a great deal to say about power. Many recent
novels-like American Cory Doctorow's Little Brother (2008)-are concerned with
government and security service "conspiracies (阴谋)" against the people, particularly as the revelations of
whistleblowers like Edward Snowden sink in. This can give sci-fi writing a "skeptical
(怀疑的)" feel.
This
underlines one of the features that remains constant between the beginnings of
the empire of science fiction and its state today.
As
then, so now: We want to read about how fearful the future will be, not how it
will be a paradise.