题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
When the Normans built their first simple wooden castles in England,they built them on the top of small hills.The first permanent castles were made of stone and built with thick walls.The main building was usually surrounded by walls which overlooked the moat (护城河).
The entrance to the castle was usually over a drawbridge (吊桥) leading to the main gatehouse.The drawbridge could be raised or lowered and an iron grille (栅栏) could be lowered to shut off the entrance to the gatehouse.
As time went on,the castle builders became more advanced in their techniques.Instead of building a strong central building and surrounding it with walls of lesser strength,they thought out the idea of surrounding a central area with huge walls which could contain all the main rooms of the castle.These walls usually had many towers and these towers were really a series of main buildings along the castle walls.In building these castles they used hill sites whenever possible in order to give the castle a better position.Because the outside world was shut off by a barrier or curtain of defences,they are called “curtain wall” castles.
With the passing of time there was less need to build strong castles and nobles built manor (庄园) houses.These manor houses often had battlements and iron grilles,but they were built more for comfort and included many of the conveniences and luxuries of the large houses which were being built in the towns.
Unfortunately,many English castles were damaged or destroyed completely during the Civil Wars of the 1600s.
The Healthy Habits Survey shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits. Here are some findings and expert advice.
1)How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday? ● Finding: A full 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day. ● Step: Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush. Brush gently for 2 minutes at least twice a day. 2)How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday? ● Finding: Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30% wash their hands only 4 times a day—half of the number doctors recommend. ● Step: We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day-often inviting germs(病菌)to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes. Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle. And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds. 3)How often do you think about fighting germs(病菌)? ● Finding: Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should. ● Step: Be aware of germs. Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge (海绵) that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds. |
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