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题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通

河南省商丘市第一高级中学2015-2016学年高二下学期英语期中测试

阅读下面四篇短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

What will power your house in the future? Nuclear, wind, or solar power? According to scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, it might be leaves — but artificial (人造的) ones.

    Natural leaves are able to change sunlight and water into energy. It is known as photosynthesis (光合作用). Now researchers have found a way to imitate this seemingly simple process.

The artificial leaf developed by Daniel Nocera and his colleagues at MIT can be seen as a special silicon chip with catalysts (催化剂). Similar to natural leaves, it can split water into hydrogen and oxygen when put into a bucket of water. The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then stored in a fuel cell, which uses those two materials to produce electricity, located either on top of a house or beside the house.

Though the leaf is only about the shape of a poker card, scientists claimed that it is promising to be an inexpensive source of electricity in developing countries. “One can imagine villages in India and Africa not long from now purchasing an affordable basic power system based on this technology,” said Nocera at a conference of the American Chemical Society.

The artificial leaf is not a new idea. The first artificial leaf was invented in 1997 but was too expensive and unstable for practical use. The new leaf, by contrast, is made of cheap materials, easy to use and highly stable. In laboratory studies, Nocera showed that an artificial leaf prototype (原型) could operate continuously for at least 45 hours without a drop in activity.

The wonderful improvements come from Nocera's recent discovery of several powerful, new and inexpensive catalysts. These catalysts make the energy transformation inside the leaf more efficient with water and sunlight. Right now, the new leaf is about 10 times more efficient at carrying out photosynthesis than a natural one. Besides, the device can run in whatever water is available; that is, it doesn't need pure water. This is important for some countries that don't have access to pure water.

With the goal to “make each home its own power station” and “give energy to the poor”, scientists believe that the new technology could be widely used in developing countries, especially in India and rural China.

(1)、Which of the following orders correctly shows how the artificial leaf is used to produce electricity?

a. artificial leaves split water into hydrogen and oxygen

b. the hydrogen and oxygen gases are stored in a fuel cell

c. the artificial leaves are put in water

d. the fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity

A、c, a, b, d B、c, b, a, d   C、b, c, a, d D、c, a, d, b
(2)、The purpose of the scientists at MIT in developing the new artificial leaf is to ________.

A、build up more power stations in the world B、provide cheaper energy for developing countries C、offer people in developing countries access to pure water D、gain a deeper understanding of the photosynthesis process
(3)、The main idea of this passage is ________.

A、an introduction to the history of artificial leaves B、a mixture of water power and solar energy C、giving energy to the poor D、an invention copying photosynthesis
举一反三
 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

"Don't get dirty!" was once often shouted by parents angrily watching their children ruin their best clothes. It was unavoidable that children's whites would turn brown before the day was over. 

Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. With the rise of city life, and the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is much less than in the past. For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. According to recent research, the dirt outside is teaming with friendly microorganisms (微生物) that can train the immune (免疫的) system and build the body against illnesses, such as anxiety. 

These findings show that outdoor exercise is not only beneficial because of the chance to run around free—but that certain natural materials, such as soil and mud, also have powerful microorganisms which have positive effect on children's health. Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of rubbing and shaping materials like mud or sand can help children develop their senses and movement. 

Such activities—away from the house or classroom—may also help children to find ways to deal with emotions that may be hard to explore in other environments. So-called "Sandtray Therapy (沙盘疗法)", which includes using sand to express one's thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of guidance for children who are struggling to speak out their inner emotions. 

Surprisingly, people who spent most of their childhood in the countryside show a better reply to stressful events like public speaking compared with those who grew up in cities. "The people who grew up in cities are kind of ‘walking time bombs' when facing the stress we meet today. However, people who have spent lots of time in nature since childhood are generally stronger in recovery and more positive." says Christopher Lowry, a professor of University of Colorado Boulder.

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。

When looking at fashion shows or the latest magazine trends, you might think you've seen it all before. It seems that designers often revisit past concepts (概念). However, to glimpse the future of fashion, one must turn to the meeting point of fashion and technology, where innovative ideas are born.

For several years now, people have been talking about "wearable technology" as the next big development. You can already buy watches that do everything your smartphone can do, or glasses with computers that follow your eye movements and feed information to you as you walk around. But there's much more to wearable technology than that.

Sports clothing is one of the areas. Runners already wear small computers on their wrists(手腕) that give them continuous information about how fast they're running, how hard their bodies are working, and so on. Experts agree that it's often sportspeople (usually young men) who are the first to take up new fashion ideas. Others then follow.

Women, it seems, are usually more interested in what clothes look like than what they can do, and technology has a part to play here too. Designers are making clothes that can change color with how you feel, or react to sound. And if you think that sounds unlikely, just think of all the things we accept as quite normal today that seemed impossible or silly only ten years ago.

The primary reason such items aren't available in mainstream stores is their high cost. However, like all technological products, their prices are likely to decrease rapidly, as technological clothing doesn't necessarily have to be costly.

阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Teamwork Doubles the Strength

Admittedly, teamwork is literally important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give three reasons why it is advantageous.

As individuals, we possess diverse talents, strengths, weaknesses and experiences. A team is just like a tapestry(织锦) that weaves what each of us possesses, resulting in an end product that is diverse yet homogenous(同种类的). As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success. {#blank#}1{#/blank#}. It won the Premier League in 2016, to the utter disbelief of many soccer fans. Leicester City, previousl regarded as the underdog of the League, displayed extremely impressive teamwork, which led to its unbelievable victory in soccer history.

Next, teamwork means members share the workload. When work is distributed and each of us in a team specializes in specific tasks, the stress on each of us is reduced and the completion of tasks before deadline is ensured: {#blank#}2{#/blank#}

 {#blank#}3{#/blank#}. Team members learn from more experienced members who may offer deeper insights and perspectives. Newer members may also contribute new ideas. Besides encouraging the sharing of knowledge and experiences, teamwork also develops soft skills like communication and interpersonal skills. {#blank#}4{#/blank#}.

Some may think that working in isolation(单独) is more efficient since more time is taken when cooperating with others. For more talented individuals, working alone means being the star of a project. {#blank#}5{#/blank#}. But, the loss of synergy(协同作用) that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its full potential.

A.Take Leicester City for example

B.Thus we can expect greater job satisfaction

C.Team members can also be divided in opinions

D.They don't need to share the success with others

E.Let's not wave away the chance to work in teams

F.And finally working in a team multiplies learning opportunities

G.We learn to respect differences in working styles and opinions, and develop trust

 阅读理解

Humans act with purpose, but much is still unknown about how we become purposeful agents — that is, how we develop the ability to willfully make things happen. In a recent study to explore agency's mysterious roots, we tried to catch infants (婴儿) in the act of discovering their own agency, thereby revealing the process of agency formation.

Researchers place a baby into a cradle with a mobile suspended above. Then a scientist ties one end of a string to the mobile and the other to the infant's foot. Now if the baby moves, the toy will, too. By observing babies in this setup, scientists can watch as the infants learn and recall a simple cause-and-effect interaction: kick a foot and the mobile moves.

As predicted by the researchers, infants kicked significantly more when their foot was tethered (拴住) to the mobile than when it was not. However, when an experimenter pulled the string to make the mobile move instead, infants moved less than when the mobile was at rest. Furthermore, when we freed the babies' foot from the mobile, they kept on kicking at higher rate to make the toy respond — and were visibly frustrated when that did not happen.

Our observations also pointed to a notable pattern: The babies' initial movements consisted of twisting and pushing without clear direction. But once tethered to the mobile, the more intensely they moved, the more their attention was drawn to the effect their kicking had on it. At some point, the infants must have figured out that they had agency, thus the aimless movements became intentional action — a highly coordinated exchange between the tethered infant and the mobile.

The baby-mobile study emphasizes how understanding the relationship between an organism and its environment is essential to uncovering the origins of directed behavior. The experience of agency emerges only when an organism senses it is coupled to its environment. In this way of thinking, the interaction and relationship between the two are crucial for purpose to arise.

 阅读理解

It's widely recognized that play-based learning significantly benefits the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional health of children. Recent research suggests that certain board games, such as Chutes and Ladders and Monopoly, can further contribute to enhancing their mathematical abilities.

A team of researchers from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago, Chile, reached this conclusion after a comprehensive analysis of 19 studies conducted between the years 2000 and 2023. With the exception of one study, all focused on the correlation between board games and the development of math skills.

In these studies, children aged between 3 and 9 engaged in board games under the watchful eyes of teachers or trained adults. The structured 20-minute gaming sessions were held twice weekly for a duration of approximately six weeks. In some of the studies, one group of children (the intervention group) played board games that were centered around numbers, while another group (the control group) played games that did not necessitate mathematical skills. In other instances, both the intervention and control groups indulged in number-based games, but they were assigned different games, such as Monopoly and Dominoes.

The mathematical proficiency of the children was evaluated both at the beginning and the end of each study. The researchers were particularly interested in observing improvements in four pivotal areas: the ability to name numbers and exhibit basic numerical understanding, for instance, recognizing that "nine is greater than three." They also monitored the children's progress in addition and subtraction, as well as their burgeoning interest in mathematics.

The findings of this study were published in the academic journal Early Years on July 6, 2023. The results indicated that engaging in board games positively influenced the children's math skills in more than half of the four key areas examined. Moreover, nearly a third of the children in the intervention groups outperformed their counterparts in the control groups on math assessments.

The researchers are optimistic that their findings will encourage the development of new board games specifically tailored for educational purposes in classrooms. In the meantime, consider enhancing your own mathematical skills by organizing a board game night with family and friends this summer—it all adds up to a fun and educational experience!

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