题型:任务型阅读 题类:模拟题 难易度:普通
上海市嘉定区2020届高考英语一模试卷
South Africa still has a long way to go on the right to food
Fifty-four percent of South Africans are hungry or at risk of hunger. Hunger affects people's health, as well as their ability to live full and productive lives because the rights to dignity, health and education are affected by hunger.
There are significant race, class and gender differences. For example, black South Africans are 22 times more likely to be food insecure compared with white South Africans. Food insecurity is defined as not having physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
This unequal distribution indicates a situation of severe food injustice in South Africa. Yet from the research with urban farmers it's clear that people do not know of the right to food, and don't see unequal access to nutritious food as an injustice. While there are frequent protests around access to jobs, education, housing, water and electricity, we rarely, if ever, see protests about access to food.
One of the drivers of unequal access to food is the way in which the industrial food system works. For example, a few large companies dominate each aspect of the food value chain. Because the large companies dominate the supply chain, they are able to maximize profits at the expense of small-scale producers, to whom they pay very low prices.
It needs to ensure that marginalized producers, processors and retailers have an opportunity to earn a decent living. At the same time corporate dominance needs to be addressed.
Anyway, at the most basic level, it requires that South Africans know they have a right to food in the first place.
A. As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.
B. Handling food injustice requires a transformation of the undesirable structure of the food system.
C. Therefore, the government has put forward numerous food and nutrition security programs to fight against hunger.
D. This means that smaller scale producers, processors and retailers are squeezed out.
E. Hunger, lack of nutrition and related illnesses are not equally spread.
F. There are international examples of governments taking their obligations seriously with regard to the right to food.
Put a group of strangers in a room together, and they'll probably start a conversation. “Hot today, isn't it?” one might say. “You said it,” another replies.
Why do we talk so much about the weather? When we meet new people, we don't begin by telling them our life story. We start with small talk, a polite conversation about something like traffic or weather.
Research suggests that small talk can build new friendships. When we begin conversations with new people, we want to feel comfortable, and so do they. We use small talk to find common interests. Once we have a common interest, a friendship can begin.
Small talk even helps people get a job. In order to impress at a job interview, you need to bond with the interviewer right away. Proper sma ll talk can make that first impression get you the job.
So, how can you make small talk lead to a new friendship or job? First off, find common ground. Select something around you that you share with the other person.
Next, keep the conversation going. Compliment (赞美) the other person to make him or her feel comfortable, and ask questions to show interest.
Third, keep eye contact. When you loop people in the eye, they feel you appreciate what they are saying. It makes you appear honest and build trust.
Naturally, shy people might not have enough confidence to start up conversations with strangers. Talking to someone you don't know is not the easiest thing to do! Some experts say with more practice, small take does get easier.
Some people avoid small talk because they dislike discussing things like traffic or weather. For them, they are just too small. However, when you think about it, small talk is anything but small. In fact, it is actually a very big deal!
Title | Small Talk: A Big {#blank#}1{#/blank#} |
Introduction | We are likely to make small talk when we {#blank#}2{#/blank#}meet people. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} | Small talk can help people form {#blank#}4{#/blank#}friendships. |
Small talk can also help people get {#blank#}5{#/blank#}. | |
Advice | Find some topics {#blank#}6{#/blank#}with the other person. |
Keep the talk going by making compliments and {#blank#}7{#/blank#}questions. | |
Keep eye contact in conversation to build {#blank#}8{#/blank#}. | |
{#blank#}9{#/blank#} more in order to make small talk easier. | |
Conclusion | Small talk really {#blank#}10{#/blank#}a lot to us. |
注意:每个空格只填一个单词。
Every January for the past 20 years, I have taken a few moments to consider the answer to the big question, “What is the meaning of life?” The reason I ask this question year after year is that my answer changes over time, which I find interesting and insightful. There is no objectively correct answer, I believe—only answers that are right for you at any given time. This question is so important—philosophically and practically in terms of how we live our lives— yet we are unable to really think about the answer.
Doing this simple exercise might even help you live longer. According to two separate studies —one with 9,000 participants around age 65 and another with 6,000 people between 20 and 75—those who could explain the meaning and purpose of their lives died later than those who saw their lives as aimless. It didn't seem to matter what meaning participants ascribed to their lives, whether it was personal (such as happiness), or creative (such as making art). It was having an answer to the question that mattered. The connection to longevity(长寿)could be causal—having purpose may help one manage daily stress, as other research has shown. But it could also be that those who think about life's meaning are more likely to do other activities that promote good health.
Great thinkers have given the question thought. Leo Tolstoy wrote, “The sole meaning of life is to serve humanity.” Albert Einstein said: “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.” My favorite answer, though, is “The purpose of life is a life of purpose.”
Some have concluded that life's meaning is subjective. “There is not one standard meaning for all,” author Anaïs Nin once said. “There is only the meaning we each give to our life, an individual meaning, an individual plot, like an individual novel, a book for each person.” I agree, which is why I recommend formulating(构想)your own answer. Taking a few moments to record your response to the question “What is the meaning of life?” is the kind of simple exercise that effectively adds meaning to your life.
And then I suggest answering it every year. Looking back at how your thinking has evolved and been influenced by experience tells you something more about yourself. Then, it gets you closer to a deeper self-understanding.
If you do the annual “meaning” exercise, I suggest not looking at past answers before answering anew. I write them down on the same now-yellowing piece of paper and keep it someplace safe.
The last suggestion is to turn your answer into action. If you conclude, as Tolstoy and Einstein did, that the meaning of life is helping others, that should help motivate you to do more of it.
This is not a theoretical exercise. Whatever small step you take toward finding the meaning of life is a step toward a more meaningful, and longer life. Why not do this simple annual “meaning” exercise from now on?
Knowing Your {#blank#}1{#/blank#}in Life Can Help You Live Longer |
|
Introduction |
Many of us {#blank#}2{#/blank#}to consider the answer to the question “What is the meaning of life?”, though it is important. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#}of studies |
Those who know the meaning and purpose of life enjoy longevity. With purpose, they may {#blank#}4{#/blank#}with stress and get involved in activities {#blank#}5{#/blank#} good health. |
Answers to the question |
Some famous people think the meaning of life is {#blank#}6{#/blank#}others. I think a meaningful life is a life with purpose. |
Suggestions |
★Add meaning to your life by recording the answers, which{#blank#}7{#/blank#} depending on individuals. ★Answer the question yearly, which helps you {#blank#}8{#/blank#}yourself better. ★Don't {#blank#}9{#/blank#}to the previous ones while forming a new answer. ★Turn your answer into action, doing what you think right and meaningful. |
Conclusion |
Your ever-changing answers may help you live longer and better. Every small step you take toward finding the answers {#blank#}10{#/blank#}. |
Is Cash Becoming Outdated?
When he rolls into a gas station to fill his tank, Barkhad Dahir doesn't get out of his car. He pushes a few buttons on his cellphone and within seconds he has paid for the fuel. With the same quick pushes on his phone, he pays for virtually everything he needs: groceries at the supermarket, a few oranges from a market stall, or a cup of sweet milky tea from a café. Mr. Dahir boasts, "Even lying in bed, you can be paying your bills."
Electronic payments offer consumers convenience, provide revenue for banks, credit card companies and payment processors, and offer merchants improved cash flow and convenience. "I don't even carry money any more," says Adan Abokor, a democracy activist. "I haven't seen cash for a long time. Almost every merchant, even hawker (小贩) on the street, accepts payment by cellphone. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash."
The system is impressively simple and secure. Purchases are made by dialing a three-digit number, entering a four-digit PIN, and then entering the retailer's payment number and the amount of money. Both customers and merchants receive text messages to confirm the payment.
Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well. The printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous and hard to track criminal activities to be conducted in secret. Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.
However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society do when the power goes off. Do they choose to barter (物物交换) and rob? Do they sit at home and wait? What happens to people who rely on their cellphones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted? A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency. "Ironically, the day after the largest bank in Norway, DNB, proposed ending all cash dealings, I went to my local grocery store and when I tried to pay by phone, I was told that I needed to go to the ATM to get cash because the system was broken." said an interviewee.
Other people fear that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks and enable dealings to be tracked and reported. Privacy, security and convenience are all important factors in the adoption of electronic payment technology. New technologies which balance and address these factors may enable people to remove cash.
Is Cash Becoming Outdated? |
|
An example of electronic payments |
Barkhad Dahir claims that he can get easy {#blank#}1{#/blank#} to his own bank when paying for his fuel and necessities. |
{#blank#}2{#/blank#} of electronic payments |
They can {#blank#}3{#/blank#} customers from waiting in line or counting the cash. They are very {#blank#}4{#/blank#}, for both customers and merchants will receive text messages to confirm the payment. They reduce the {#blank#}5{#/blank#} of printing and handling money. They make it {#blank#}6{#/blank#} for the governments to keep track of the citizens' cash activities. |
Concerns of electronic payments |
Some people worry about the effective payment in case of a power {#blank#}7{#/blank#}. Other people show their concerns about their own {#blank#}8{#/blank#}, for their money dealings can be monitored and made known. Security and fraud risks may occur when electronic payments are in {#blank#}9{#/blank#}. |
Conclusion |
Cash is not likely to {#blank#}10{#/blank#} unless privacy, security and convenience are balanced and settled. |
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