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    Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language. People around the world show all kinds of feelings, wishes and attitudes that they might never speak aloud. It is possible to ―read‖ others around us, even if they do not want us to catch their unspoken communication. Of course, body language can be misread, but many gestures and actions are common.

    The most common facial expression is, of course, the smile – its function is to show happiness and put people at ease. It does not always mean that we are truly happy, however. Smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry. There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone ―loses face‖ and smiles to hide it. However, the general purpose of smiling is to show good feelings.

From the time we are babies, we show unhappiness or anger by frowning (皱眉头). In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger. Making a fist (拳头) and shaking it almost always means that someone is angry.

How about showing that I am bored? Looking away from people or yawning will, in most cases, make me appear to be uninterested. However, if I turn toward and look at someone or something, people from almost every culture will think that I am interested.

    Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture, but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to boss or teacher. In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank (等级). Standing at a little distance with open hands will show that I am willing to listen.

    With so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body language. We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each other as well as we do!

    In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business .But he was not a good artist .So he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden .That was the first photo.

    The next important date in the history of photography was in 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room .He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype.

    Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world .people took picture of famous buildings, cities and mountains.

    In about 1840, photography was improved .Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things .That was not simple .The photographers had to carry a lot of films and other machines. But this did not stop them, for example, some in the United States worked so hard. Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer. He took many pictures of great people .The pictures were unusual because they were very lifelike.

    Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were not just copies of the real world .They showed feelings like other kinds of art.

    People already know a lot about animals. However, there are still some things about animals that may surprise you. Here are some facts about animals you probably didn't know.

    Cows do have best friends and feel stressed when they are separated. Scientists have found that cows are very social animals and a cow always makes friends with other cows. When a cow is with its friends, it feels relaxed, compared with when it is alone.

    During breeding season, a male penguin (企鹅) will offer a small stone to a female penguin as a gift. If she takes it, they will become partners. When the female penguin lays an egg, she and her partner may carry it on their feet, because some penguins don't build nests (鸟巢).

    Crocodiles (鳄鱼) swallow (吞) stones. Crocodiles always swallow their food instead of eating it like other animals. They swallow stones which break the food into very small pieces in their stomachs. These stones may stay in their stomachs all their lives.

    Elephants use plants to treat pain or other illness. Scientists once found a pregnant (怀孕的) elephant in Africa who ate a kind of plant which was not part of her normal food. Four days later, she gave birth to a baby elephant. The same plant was used by the local pregnant women.

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    Do animals have a culture? What do we mean by "culture?" Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have a culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.

    Our culture lets us make up for having lost out strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate with language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture," can also be found in the lives of certain animals. Animals can make tools, for example. We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees(非洲小猩猩) can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. Animals can also share knowledge with each other and use their own language to communicate. So it may be important for us to know that the line dividing us from animals is not as clear as we used to think.

What would you do if you see someone hurt badly? The following will help you to learn some important skills to give casualty (伤员) first aid.

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The first and most important thing you must do is to make sure the place is not dangerous. Can you see anything that might not be helpful to you? Can you hear anything that could be dangerous?

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When you see someone has been hurt, you may feel scared. If you feel yourself starting to be nervous, try to calm yourself down. For example, talk to people you trust about what happened, and you'll be relaxed.

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When someone needs first aid, talking to him will help him to stay calm and feel safe. Even if he does not answer you, you should still tell him what you are doing. It will let him know that you are helping him.

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Sometimes, the casualty will need more help than you are able to give. The best thing you can do is to phone some people for help. They can give you some useful advice or offer you some help.

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There are also many other things to do. Try your best to help the casualty. Asking people around you for help is really better than waiting for doctors. Besides, you can also try to keep in touch with his families and friends.