题型：任务型阅读 题类：常考题 难易度：困难
江苏省南京市金陵中学20182019学年高二下学期英语期末考试试卷
Observational Learning: To See Is to Know
A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were "fashionable," and how to interact with instructors.
With modeling, you observe others' behaviors, and then none, some, or all of these behaviors may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura's classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn't see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).
Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behaviors are appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.
Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behaviors and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors. Examples include letting highstatus students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first.
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Observational Learning: To See Is to Know |
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And application of observational learning |
Observational learning is learning that occurs through and imitation of others. |
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Observational learning helps people learn how to behavein their families and cultures. |
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Models and their |
Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate. |
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Bandura's study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become. |
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Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective. |
Children are more to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status. |
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Models to ourselves promote observational learning. |
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How to use observational learning in |
Modeling the behaviors and attitudes is an important approach. |
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Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method. |
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the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice. |
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Health is the most important thing in the world．Nothing is more important than health．If one takes away our money, houses, cars, or even our clothes, we can still survive．{#blank#}1{#/blank#} That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise often.
How can we keep healthy? In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies, which are junk foods．{#blank#}2{#/blank#} Besides, I only eat a little meat.
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body．Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.
What's more, I think friends are important part of one's health．{#blank#}4{#/blank#} I always feel better when I am with friends than I am alone．When I am with my friends, I always laugh．Laughing is also an important part of health．It is good to stay with my friends.
By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at a proper weight and keep healthy．By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my body happy．These things sound easy to do, but not many people can manage them．{#blank#}5{#/blank#}
A．Many studies show that people with a narrow range of social contacts often get sick. B．I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep healthy. C．On the other hand, doing exercise is very important. D．There are some people who like staying alone, but they keep healthy. E．Some people appear fat because they often eat too much． F．But if our health is taken away, it is certain that we will surely die. G．I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of vitamins. |
Fear of missing out
It's Friday night. While many of your friends may celebrate by going to the movies or checking out a restaurant that's just opened, you've decided to spend this highly cherished night of the week by yourself. The night is yours to enjoy. If you think this sounds relaxing, you're not alone. At least for a little while until you start wondering if you've made the right choice. A doubt begins sinking in as you imagine the fun your friends are having in your absence. Suddenly, the quiet evening you planned for yourself begins to lose its initial appeal, and you find your excitement quickly turns to anxiety.
Fear of missing out, or FOMO, is a common feeling. A recent study defined FOMO as “the uneasy and sometimes all-consuming feeling that you're missing out — your peers are doing or in possession of more or something better than you.
Fear of missing out often develops as a result of deeper unhappiness. Research has found that those with low levels of general life satisfaction are more likely to experience FOMO. Further worsening the all- too-common feeling is the rise of social media use. Active users of social media have a higher probability of comparing their achievements with others'. Rather than finding happiness through their own experiences, they begin worrying that theirs aren't objectively better than anyone else's.
The consequences of FOMO are significant and far-reaching. One study conducted with first-year university students found that fear of missing out was associated with fatigue(疲劳), stress, and sleep problems. Furthermore, in a 2018 study of 1,045 Americans aged 18-34, nearly 40% of participants admitted going into debt just to keep up with their friends' lifestyles, often through increased spending on food, travel, clothes, and electronics.
So how can you overcome the fear? Begin with gratitude. By reflecting on what you already have, you're less likely to put valuable mental energy in worrying about what you don't. Another alternative?
Embrace(欣然接受) JOMO, or the joy of missing out. JOMO allows you to shift your focus to what you really want at any given moment, without feeling concerned about what those around you may be doing. So, turn off your phones and tablets, and engage in something you enjoy while resisting the urge to upload and share it. While this may take practice and perseverance(坚持不懈), the results are well worth the effort.
By embracing the joy of missing out, you make room for all the benefits that come from spending time with yourself and the inner wholeness you contain; you create space to keep up with the things you wish you had more time for — gardening, reading, resting, exercising, cooking, learning, or simply being; and you see yourself in new ways and unearth the talents, fears, joys and quirks that lie beneath the surface.
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Fear of missing out |
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Introduction to FOMO |
FOMO is a common fear that others might be having rewarding experiences from which you are {#blank#}1{#/blank#}. For example, initially, you enjoy spending a Friday night alone in your own way. However, thinking of your friends' possible fun, you begin to have {#blank#}2{#/blank#} about your original decision, which makes you{#blank#}3{#/blank#}. |
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Causes of FOMO |
*People are not really happy and even feel {#blank#}4{#/blank#}with their life. *The use of social media may result in FOMO, especially when people make negative {#blank#}5{#/blank#}between themselves and others. |
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Consequences of FOMO |
*It can contribute to people's physical and mental {#blank#}6{#/blank#}. *It can cause people to {#blank#}7{#/blank#}money to keep up with others' lifestyles. |
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Approaches to overcoming FOMO |
*Be{#blank#}8{#/blank#}for what you have now. *Embrace the joy of missing out, {#blank#}9{#/blank#}on what you want without trying to seek attention. |
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Benefits of embracing JOMO |
*It allows you to have time alone to do whatever you enjoy doing. *It gives you a chance to{#blank#}10{#/blank#}yourself better. |
试题篮
