题型：任务型阅读 题类：常考题 难易度：困难
江苏省南通中学2016-2017学年高二上册英语12月月考试卷
Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources. I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sain Beilock: “What we think happens is when students put it down on paper, they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it's not as bad as they might think it was before and, in truth, it prevents these thoughts from appearing suddenly when they're actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Professor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sain Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who'd done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most prone to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don't normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
Title: Overcoming test | |
Problem | Some students get nervous before a test, so they can't doeven if they know the material. |
Reason | about the consequences them their attention and memory resources. |
Solution | Write down their worries to the negative thoughts appearing suddenly. |
Results of the researches | College students: with those sitting quietly, students writing about their fears improved their performance. |
Younger students: highly anxious students who did the writing instead of things unrelated to the test got grades. | |
ways to solve the problem | If students have no to write about their fears immediately, they can try it themselves at home or in the library. |
Family structure is the core of any culture. A major function of the family is to socialize new members of a culture. As children are raised in a family setting, they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture. The family provides the model for all other relationships in society. Through theobservations and modeling of the behavior of other family members, children learnabout the family and society including the values of the culture. Familystructure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major sourceof cultural difference.
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families' welfare,reputation, and honor. Asian families are often extended, including severalgenerations related by blood or marriage living in the same home. An Asianperson's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—includingthe dead ancestors.
Traditional Chinese, among many otherAsians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them.Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supportingthem in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. Incontrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden inthe United States, where aging and family support are not honored highly.
The Vietnamese family consists of peoplecurrently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn.Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations, not individualdesires. People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to thefamily. Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families, to honorelderly people, and to fear foreigners. Many Vietnamese think that theiractions in this life will influence their status in the next life.
Fathers in traditional Japanese familiesare typically strict and distant. Japanese college students in one study saidthey would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a totalstranger. The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathersin Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age.
Although there has been much talk about"family values" in the United States, the family is not a usual frameof reference for decisions in U.S. mainstream culture. Family connections arenot so important to most people. Dropping the names of wealthy or famous peoplethe family knows is done in the United States, but it is not viewed positively.More important is a person's own individual "track record" ofpersonal achievement.
Thus, many cultural differences exist infamily structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center oflife and the main frame of reference for decisions. In other cultures, theindividuals, not the family, is primary. In some cultures, the family'sreputation and honor depend on each person's actions; in other cultures,individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life. Somecultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.
(Adapted from R. L. Oxford & R. C.Scarcella, "A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe")
Outline | Supporting details |
52 {#blank#}1{#/blank#}A to family structure | Family structure is of great 53 {#blank#}2{#/blank#}A in different cultures. Children raised in a family will gradually learn how to 54 {#blank#}3{#/blank#}A in a way which is acceptable in their culture or setting. 'Many cultural differences 55 {#blank#}4{#/blank#}A from family structures. |
Examples of Asian families | Traditional Asians 56 {#blank#}5{#/blank#} A their lives around family. Not only the individual but the family is to57 {#blank#}6{#/blank#}A for any wrongdoings. O In China, parents' sacrifices will probably58 {#blank#}7{#/blank#}off when children grow up. Children will also provide for the elders. O In Vietnam, it's not from the personal desires but from family considerations that decisions or actions are done. In Japan, children are 59 {#blank#}8{#/blank#}A to share their emotions with father, thus making communication difficult. |
Examples of families in the USA | Americans don't lay much emphasis on family values. 60 {#blank#}9{#/blank#}A personal achievement is considered more important. |
Conclusion | Family structures and values 61 {#blank#}10{#/blank#}A in different cultures. |
Getting your children to study can be a little like getting them to eat their vegetables.
One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design（设计、制定） a schedule that they keep to. Make a study time and have it at the same time every day. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} And it will also give them a sense of control over how they spend their time.
Allow them to study in blocks（一段） of time. {#blank#}2{#/blank#} Ideal study times are usually after dinner or right after school before dinner.
Never allow your children to study in front of the television, as that will encourage passive（被动的） activity. {#blank#}3{#/blank#}
You'll also need to help your kids find the right place to study. {#blank#}4{#/blank#} After you've set up a good study time for little learners, set up a good place where they can get those creative juices flowing.
{#blank#}5{#/blank#} This includes helping them out with their homework sometimes and being there for them with the answers to any questions. The input（投入） you give your children during study periods will help form a bond（纽带、关系） and make studying enjoyable.
A. For example, they may want to study for half an hour with a five-minute break in the middle. B. Instead, use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed. C. Keep the atmosphere light and offer lots of encouragement, too. D. Finally, spend time with your kids when they're studying. E. Try to stop this bad habit by offering some sort of reward. F. This will help your kids to learn to schedule（制定学习时间表） their day. G. Pick a place where your children can study properly. |
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Social media is all about connecting with others. But a new study suggests that too much social media leads to disconnection and loneliness—basically the opposite of what we are led to believe.
The study, Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the U.S, which was published on March 6, 2017 in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, found that heavy use of platforms such as Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram was associated with feelings of social isolation (孤独) among young adults.
Study co-author Brian Primack and his team from the Center for Research on Media, Technology and Health at the University of Pittsburgh surveyed 1,787 U.S. adults aged 19 to 32 and asked them about their usage of 11 social media platforms (outside of work). They also asked participants questions related to social isolation, such as how often they felt left out. The participants who reported spending the most time on social media—over two hours a day—had twice the possibility of social isolation than those who said they spent a half-hour per day or less on the same sites. Additionally, people who visited social media platforms most frequently (58 visits per week or more) had more than three times the possibility of perceived social isolation than those who visited them fewer than nine times per week.
According to Tom Kersting, psychotherapist and author of Disconnected, the key to understanding these results lies in our understanding of "connections." "Humans are social-emotional beings, meaning that it is in our DNA to be connected, face-to-face, with other humans," he told Reader's Digest. "Although people think being on social media all the time makes them 'connected' to others, they are actually 'disconnected,' because the more time one spends behind a screen, the less time one spends face-to-face."
"Part of the issue of loneliness is that the majority of people who use social media aren't just posting, they are also viewing," Kersting continued. "They are spending a lot of time looking at everyone else's posts, where they are, where they are going and what they are doing. Then everyone else's 'perfect' life experiences cause them to have feelings of being left out, of being lonely."
So what's the answer? It's simple, says Kersting—although it does involve a significant amount of will power. "To solve this, what you should do is resist the temptation (诱惑) to look at everyone else's life. Just focus on your own life, where you're going, what you are grateful for, and what you want to accomplish in this world. Then go out and do it and stop wasting so much time comparing."
How social media use can {#blank#}1{#/blank#} loneliness | |
{#blank#}2{#/blank#} of the study | Contrary to popular belief, heavy users of social media may feel{#blank#}3{#/blank#} and lonely. ◆ People who spent over two hours are twice more {#blank#}4{#/blank#} to feel socially isolated than those spending a half-hour per day. ◆ People who visited social media platforms most {#blank#}5{#/blank#} tend to feel left out in comparison with those who visited them fewer than nine times per week. |
Reasons behind the problem | ◆ Lost in social media, people {#blank#}6{#/blank#} to afford enough time to communicate face-to-face. ◆ People who view others' posts can be {#blank#}7{#/blank#} by others' seemingly perfect life experiences. |
{#blank#}8{#/blank#} | ◆ It requires a strong {#blank#}9{#/blank#} to resist the temptation of social media. ◆ Focus on your own life and stop{#blank#}10{#/blank#} your life with others'. |
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