题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
人教版(2019)高中英语必修第二册Unit 4 单元测试(1)
In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town or city, however, has a long history.
Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word "Britain" is Celtic (凯尔特语). Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called "castra". This is why there are so many place names in England which end in "-chester" or "-caster", Manchester, for example.
The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with "Llan" come from the Celtic word for "church".
After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by the Anglo-Saxons who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. The names of their villages often end in "- ham" or "- ton". Some get their names from the leader of the village. Birmingham for example, means "Beormund's village"
The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (village on a hill)—a good place to build a village and Moreton ("village by a lake") where floods could make life hard. Place names that end in "- ford" (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-
Saxon villages.
Finally, in 1066 England became Norman—the Normans gave us the place name "grange", which means farm.
And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants (居民). People once believed that the United Kingdom's capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our best guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. Like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time.
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