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题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通

人教版(2019)高中英语必修第二册Unit 4 单元测试(1)

阅读理解

    In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town or city, however, has a long history.

    Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word "Britain" is Celtic (凯尔特语). Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called "castra". This is why there are so many place names in England which end in "-chester" or "-caster", Manchester, for example.

    The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with "Llan" come from the Celtic word for "church".

    After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by the Anglo-Saxons who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. The names of their villages often end in "- ham" or "- ton". Some get their names from the leader of the village. Birmingham for example, means "Beormund's village"

    The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (village on a hill)—a good place to build a village and Moreton ("village by a lake") where floods could make life hard. Place names that end in "- ford" (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-

Saxon villages.

    Finally, in 1066 England became Norman—the Normans gave us the place name "grange", which means farm.

    And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants (居民). People once believed that the United Kingdom's capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our best guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. Like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time.

(1)、According to the article, Stratford is most likely a town       .
A、on a hill B、near a castle C、beside a river D、with a church
(2)、Which of the following shows the correct order of the arrival of the inhabitants in Britain?
A、The Celts—The Romans—The Normans—The Anglo-Saxons. B、The Celts—The Romans—The Anglo-Saxons—The Normans. C、The Romans—The Celts—The Anglo-Saxons—The Normans. D、The Romans—The Anglo-Saxons—The Celts—The Normans.
(3)、What does London mean in Celtic?
A、River. B、Londinium. C、Lud. D、Castle.
举一反三
阅读理解

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阅读理解

    A machine that takes sweat-laden (浸满汗水的) clothes and turns the sweat into drinking water is in use in Sweden. The machine makes the clothes turn round quickly, heats them to remove the sweat, and then passes the steam through a kind of special material to make purified water.

    Since it has been brought into use, its creators say more than 1000 people have drunk others' “sweat” in Gothenburg. They add the liquid is cleaner than local tap water.

    The device was built for the United Nations' child-focused charity UNICEF to promote a campaign highlighting the fact that 780 million people in the world lack access to clean water.

    The machine was designed and built by the engineer Andreas Hammar, known locally for his appearances on TV tech show “Mekatronik”. He said the key part of the sweat machine was a new water purification part developed by a company named HVR.

    “It uses a technique called membrane distillation (膜蒸馏),” he told the BBC. “We use a special kind of material that only lets steam through but keeps bacteria, salts, clothing fibers and other things out. They have something similar to the International Space Station, but our machine is cheaper to build. The amount of water it produces depends on how sweaty the person is, but one person's T-shirt typically produces 10ml, about a mouthful.”

    The device has been put on show at the Gothia Cup-the world's largest international youth football tournament. Mattias Ronge, chief executive of Stockholm-based advertising agency Deportivo, said the machine had helped raise awareness for UNICEF, but in reality had its limitations.

    “People haven't produced as much sweat as we hoped – right now the weather in Gothenburg is lousy,” Mattias Ronge said. “So we've equipped the machine with exercise bikes and volunteers are cycling like crazy. Even so, the demand for sweat is greater than the supply. And the machine will never be produced in large numbers, since there are better solutions out there such as water purifying pills.”

阅读理解

    More than great drinks, great rewards

    Enjoy all the benefits and more with your membership to our Loyalty Program! Whenever you pay with your membership account, you'll earn a Star.

    Collect more Stars, earn more rewards.

    Three ways to join us

    Buy a Starbucks Card handy to create an account.

    Track your Stars online, and we'll send an email when you've earned a reward.

    You can also join from your phone.

    Download the Starbucks' App.

    One of the most exciting benefits of being a member is using our mobile app to: pay for purchases; view your Stars and rewards; access iTunes' Pick of the Week; see current offers.

    Or you can join with specially marked coffee purchased at the grocery store.

    Enter your Starcode (limit 2 per day).

    Look for the Starcode symbol on specially marked Starbucks' products where you buy groceries.

    Three levels with increasingly greater rewards

    To reach each level in our Loyalty Program, you need to collect more Stars. ( Remember, to earn a Star you must pay with a registered Starbucks Card. )

    Welcome level

    To earn your first rewards, just register a Starbucks Card.

    Birthday drink or treat on us; birthday coupon (优惠券) for 15% off a purchase at StarbucksStore.com.

    Green level

    Collect 5 Stars within 12 months and you'll be in the Green level.

    What is included in the Welcome level plus

    Free in-store refills (续杯) on hot or iced brewed coffee or tea

    Gold level

    Collect 30 Stars within 12 months and you're at the Gold level.

    What is included in the Green level plus

    A free food or drink item after another 12 Stars earned

    Personalized Gold Card

阅读理解

    A recent study led by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has found a clear link between the color of a taxi and its accident rate. An analysis of 36 months of detailed taxi, driver and accident data from two fleets of yellow and blue taxis in Singapore suggested that yellow taxis have fewer accidents than blue taxis. The higher visibility (能见度)of yellow makes it easier for drivers to avoid getting into accidents with yellow taxis, leading to a lower accident rate.

    The study was led by Prof Ho. To test whether there was a causal relationship between the color of a taxi and the number of accidents the taxi had, the research team analysed data collected by the largest taxi company in Singapore. The researchers found that yellow taxis have about 6.1 fewer accidents per 1,000 taxis per month.

    The researchers also studied the economic effect of changing the color of the entire fleet of taxis to yellow. The Singapore taxi company involved in the study owns about 16,700 taxis in a ratio(比例) of one yellow to three blue taxis. If a commercial decision is made to switch from blue to yellow taxis, 76.6 fewer accidents would occur per month or 917 fewer accidents per year. Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downtime of six days, switching the color of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual savings of $2 million.

    "We are eager to continue to validate(证实) the findings of our study by looking at the use of yellow in other types of public transport, such as school buses. For instance, we hope to compare the accident rates of yellow school buses against other colors to find out if yellow is indeed a safer color for school buses. Besides, we are also interested to look at private-hire vehicles and do a comparison of the accident rates of vehicles that are of different colors," explained Prof Ho.

阅读理解

    Art museums are places where people can learn about various cultures. The increasingly popular "design museums" that are opening today, however, perform quite a different role. Unlike most art museums, the design museums show objects that are easily found by the general public. These museums sometimes even place things like fridges and washing machines in the centre of the hall.

    People have argued that design museums are often made use of as advertisements for new industrial technology. But their role is not simply a matter of sales — it's the honouring of excellently invented products. The difference between the window of a department store and the showcase(玻璃陈列柜) in a design museum is that the first tries to sell you something, while the second tells you the success of a sale.

    One advantage of design museums is that they are places where people feel familiar with the exhibits. Unlike the average art museum visitors, design museum visitors seldom feel frightened or puzzled. This is partly because design museums clearly show how and why mass-produced products work and look as they do, and how design has improved the quality of our lives. Art museum exhibits, on the other hand, would most probably fill visitors with a feeling that there is something beyond their understanding.

    In recent years, several new design museums have opened their doors. Each of these museums has tried to satisfy the public's growing interest in the field with new ideas. London's Design Museum, for example, shows a collection of mass-produced objects from Zippo lighters to electric typewriters to a group of Italian fish-tins. The choices open to design museums seem far less strict than those to art museums, and visitors may also sense the humorous part of our society while walking around the exhibits.

阅读理解

    The vast majority of green sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef are female because of warmer temperatures due to climate change, which influences their sex, researchers said. Scientists are concerned populations of these animals could turn almost completely female.

    A recent study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, California State University and Worldwide Fund for Nature Australia examined two genetically distinct populations of green sea turtles living in the Great Barrier Reef. The study found that a group of about 200,000 turtles living in the northern part of the reef was almost entirely female. While the southern population was 65 to 69 percent female, females in the northern group accounted for 99.1 percent of young turtles and 86.8 percent of adults.

    After combining their results with temperature data, the scientists found that most sea turtle populations are living above the most suitable temperature. The northern green turtles have been producing mainly females for more than two decades and that the complete feminization of this population is possible in the near future, making it clear that climate change is threatening the survival of these populations.

    Dermot O'Gorman, the chief executive of World Wildlife Fund Australia, said, “That's a very visible sign of the impact of climate change. But this is a quiet change.”

    O'Gorman said more urgent action on climate change is clearly needed, adding that some conservationists have already taken practical measures, such as using shade cloth on turtle nesting beaches to lower the sand temperature, and reducing by catch in the fishing industry.

    “Shade cloth can be used in certain places, but there's a limit to the scale you can do that,” he said, “Now every large male who can reproduce is going to be even more important.”

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