题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:困难
江苏扬州高邮市2020届高三上学期英语开学考试试卷(含小段音频)
Pretending you're someone else can make you creative
One great irony(讽刺) about our collective fascination with creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways. That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: We are either "creative" people or we aren't, without much of a middle ground.
Pillay, a tech businessman and Harvard professor has spent a good part of his career destroying these ideas. Pillay believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to dismiss the conventional advice that urges you to "believe in yourself". In fact, you should do the exact opposite: believe you are someone else.
In a recent column for Harvard Business Review, Pillay pointed to a 2016 study showing the impact of stereotypes(刻板印象)on one's behavior. The authors, education psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar, divided their college student subjects into three categories, instructing the members of one group to think of themselves as "eccentric(古怪的) poets" and the members of another to imagine they were "rigid librarians" (people in the third category, the control group, were left alone for this part). The researchers then presented participants with 10 ordinary objects, including a fork, a carrot, and a pair of pants, and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one. Those who were asked to imagine themselves as "eccentric poets" came up with the widest range of ideas for the objects, while those in the "rigid librarian" group had the fewest. Meanwhile, the researchers found only small differences in students' creativity levels across academic majors—in fact, the physics majors inhabiting(寄生) the personas(伪装的外表) of "eccentric poets" came up with more ideas than the art majors did.
These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual quality, but a "malleable(可塑的) product of context and perspective." Everyone can be creative, as long as they feel like creative people.
Pillay's work takes this a step further: He argues that identifying yourself with creativity is less powerful than the creative act of imagining you're somebody else. This exercise, which he calls "psychological halloweenism", refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona—an inner costuming of the self. It works because it is an act of "conscious unfocus", a way of positively stimulating the default mode(默认模式) network, a collection of brain regions that spring into action when you're not focused on a specific task or thought.
Most of us spend too much time worrying about two things: How successful/unsuccessful we are, and how little we're focusing on the task at hand. The former feeds the latter—an unfocused person is an unsuccessful one, we believe. Thus, we force ourselves into quiet areas, buy noise canceling headphones, and hate ourselves for taking breaks.
What makes Pillay's argument stand out is its healthy, forgiving realism: According to him, most people spend nearly half of their days in a state of "unfocus". This doesn't make us lazy people—it makes us human. The idea behind psychological halloweenism is: What if we stopped judging ourselves for our mental down time, and instead started using it? Putting this new idea on daydreaming means addressing two problems at once: You're making yourself more creative, and you're giving yourself permission to do something you'd otherwise feel guilty about. Imagining yourself in a new situation, or an entirely new identity, never felt so productive.
Title: Pretending you're someone else can make you creative
Some misleading ideas about creativity |
●Most of us are with the idea that we are either creative or we are not: there doesn't exist a middle ground in between. ● to popular belief, Pillay's suggestion is that you should believe you are someone else. |
Dumas and Dunbar's study |
●One group were asked to think of themselves as "eccentric poets", another "rigid librarians" and a third as the control group. The former two groups were required to come up with as many different uses as possible for each object. ●The level of students' is not always in direct proportion to the type of academic majors. ●Therefore, creativity is probably a product of context and perspective rather than something . |
Pillay's further study |
●The exercise of "psychological halloweenism" refers to the conscious action of being others by stimulating the default mode network. ●Pillay firmly to the idea of imaging you're someone else and advises us not to worry about how successful/unsuccessful we are. |
The significance of the exercise |
●We should start using it instead of stopping judging ourselves for our mental down time. ●We have every right to ourselves for being unfocused because it is not only human but also makes us more creative and productive. |
Hillary Rodham Clintons,a Strongwoman
There are many Hillary Rodham Clintons— the experienced lawyer, the best-selling author, and the first US First Lady to be elected to the United States Senate (参议院).
Born in Chicago, Illinois, on October 26, 1947, Hillary's childhood was happy and she was well educated. Her parents encouraged her to take up anything that interested her and to be strong.
When young Hillary returned home from school with straight A's, her father remarked that it must be an easy school. The girl once ran back home crying after someone had hit her at school, but her mother wouldn't let her in. "There is no room in this house for cowards (懦夫)," said her mother.
A little older, young Hillary put all of her energy into politics. As a student leader, she discussed political issues with friends and researched social problems.
She entered Wellesley College in 1965. Graduating with high honors, then in 1969, Hillary entered Yale Law School, where she met Bill Clinton, a fellow law student. They got married in 1975. The former president often recalls the day when Hillary went to him and said, "If you're going to keep staring at me, I might as well introduce myself." The two soon became partners in moot court (模拟法庭), political campaigns, and the journey of love.
When Bill was elected president in 1992, Hillary wasn't content with just being First Lady. From working to reform national healthcare to fighting for the rights of the poor, she refused to stop fighting for what she believed in.
She was often criticized by her husband's opponents for actively involving herself in politics. But in keeping with her personality, Hillary always kept her head held high.
"When she takes on a project, she works tirelessly until it is completed," said Betty Lowe, an old friend of the Clintons.
Women's International Center proudly gave the Living Legacy Award to Hillary Rodham Clinton for her great contributions in so many fields, especially honouring her work for women and children.
On December 1, 2008, US President-elect Barack Obama nominated(提名)Hillary as Secretary of State.
Title: Hillary Rodham Clintons,a Strongwoman | ||
{#blank#}1{#/blank#} | ●{#blank#}2{#/blank#} of an ordinary family, she spent a happy and disciplined childhood. | |
●Though she was an excellent student, her parents were very {#blank#}3{#/blank#} with her. | ||
●A little older, young Hillary showed special interest in {#blank#}4{#/blank#}. | ||
●As a student leader, she was {#blank#}5{#/blank#} with social problems, and often discussed political issues with friends. | ||
●After {#blank#}6{#/blank#} from Wellesley College in 1969, she entered Yale Law School. | ||
Career | ●A talented lawyer, the best-selling author, and the first US First Lady | |
●She made great {#blank#}7{#/blank#} in many fields, especially in promoting national healthcare and {#blank#}8{#/blank#} for the rights of the poor. | ||
●She was {#blank#}9{#/blank#} for her work for women and children. | ||
●She was nominated as {#blank#}10{#/blank#} of State in 2008. It was determination that made her a successful stateswoman. |
If you want to make a great first impression—and why wouldn't you—you know there are basic steps you can take: you should smile, make eye contact, talk less than the other person, and ask questions about him or her. Anyone can do those things.
But what you might not know is that if you think other people are going to like you, they usually will. As research shows, interpersonal warmth explains the scene: study participants who expected to be accepted were sensed as more likable. (when you think other people will like you, you act in a more natural way—which then makes people like you more since we tend to like warm, friendly people.)
All of which sounds great, but when you're shy or insecure, you might believe that other people will like you. When you're not familiar with the setting or do not feel comfortable, it's a lot easier to believe people don't like you.
So how can you convince yourself that people will like you? Close your eyes, take a deep breath, and commit to taking a few steps that ensure almost anyone will like you.
⒈Give a sincere compliment(称赞).
Everyone loves praise, especially since no one gets enough praise. Show interest by asking questions. But go past, "What do you do?" Ask what it's like to do what the person does. Ask what's hard about it. Ask what the person loves about it. You'll soon find things to compliment.
⒉Focus on letting people talk about themselves.
People love to talk about themselves.
Research shows approximately 40 percent of everyday speech is spent telling other people what we think or feel—basically, talking about our subjective experiences.
By helping people talk about themselves, you're seen as a great conversationalist. In fact, you say very little. Even if you haven't succeeded in making people fully understand you, it is OK. And in the process, you also make other people feel better about themselves, and that makes them like you.
That's another win-win.
⒊Change one word.
Think about the difference in these statements:
I had to go to a meeting.
I got to meet with some great people.
I have to interview some candidates for a job.
I get to select a great person to join our team.
No big deal, right? Wrong. We like to be around the people who have enthusiasm and motivation.
Keep in mind choosing the right words also affects how you feel. Don't say, "I have to go to the gym." Say, "I want to go to the gym."
⒋Show a little weakness.
Great teams are often led by people willing to admit weaknesses and failings.
Want to make a great first impression? Don't try to impress. Instead, be humble. Admit your mistakes. Laugh at yourself.
When you do, other people won't laugh at you. They'll laugh with you.
And they'll immediately like you, and want to be around you more.
Common sense | If you want to make a great first impression, you are {#blank#}1{#/blank#} to smile, make eye contact, {#blank#}2{#/blank#} more than you talk, and ask questions about the other person. |
Interpersonal warmth principle | If you think other people are going to like you, they usually will, so you act more{#blank#}3{#/blank#} and make yourself liked more since everyone tends to like warm, friendly people. |
When you're in an unfamiliar setting or feel {#blank#}4{#/blank#}, it's a lot easier to assume that people{#blank#}5{#/blank#} you. | |
{#blank#}6{#/blank#} for being likable | ●Everyone loves to be {#blank#}7{#/blank#}, especially since no one gets enough praise. Show interest by asking questions, you'll soon find things to compliment. |
●By helping people talk about themselves, you're seen as a great conversationalist even when you say very little. Maybe you needn't {#blank#}8{#/blank#} all of your ideas across. | |
●We like to be around {#blank#}9{#/blank#} and motivated people, so keep in mind choosing the right words also affects how you feel. | |
●Admit weaknesses and failings, other people will laugh with you {#blank#}10{#/blank#} of laughing at you. |
Why Is Recycling Important?
When you throw things away, you might be very glad to do it. Unfortunately, that's not the end of the story. The things we throw away have to go somewhere-usually they go off to be buried underground in a landfill (垃圾填埋) or burnt in an incinerator (焚化炉). Landfills can be terribly polluting. They look awful, they smell terrible, they take up space that could be used for better things, and they sometimes create harmful soil and water pollution that can kill fish in our rivers and seas.
One of the worst things about landfills is that they're wasting a huge amount of useful material. It takes a lot of energy and a lot of resources to make things, and when we throw those things in a landfill, at the end of their lives, we're also saying goodbye to all the energy and resources instead of burying it in landfills. That certainly has advantages: it reduces the amount of waste that has to be buried and we can get useful energy from it. But it can also produce harmful air pollution, and burning almost anything adds to the problem of global warming and climate change.
The trouble is, we're all in the habit of throwing things away. In the early part of 20th century, people used materials much more wisely-especially in World War Ⅱ, but in recent decades we've become a throwaway society. We tend to buy new things instead of getting old ones repaired. A lot of men use single-use razors (剃须刀), for example, instead of buying reusable ones, while a lot of women wear single-use stockings. Partly this is to do with the great convenience of throwaway items. It's also because they're cheap. But wasteful period in our history is coming to an end.
We're finally starting to realize that our lifestyle is creating problems for future generations. Earth is soon going to be running on empty if we carry on as we are. Americans have a much richer life than almost anyone else on Earth. What happens when people in developing countries such as India and China decide they want to live the same way as us? According to the environmentalists, we'd need two Earths to satisfy all their needs.
Why Is Recycling Important | |
Ways to deal with rubbish | •Bury rubbish underground in a land fill. •{#blank#}1{#/blank#}rubbish in an incinerator. |
Disadvantages of the landfill | •It looks terrible and smells bad. •It {#blank#}2{#/blank#} too much space which could be put to better use. •It pollutes soil and water. •Large amounts of{#blank#}3{#/blank#} materials are wasted. |
The advantages and disadvantages of burning rubbish | •The waste that needs to be buried is {#blank#}4{#/blank#} after burning. •It can{#blank#}5{#/blank#} useful energy. |
•It causes air pollution. •It has a bad {#blank#}6{#/blank#} on global warming and climate change. | |
The problem | •People are used to {#blank#}7{#/blank#} things away. •Both men and women prefer single-use products because they are {#blank#}8{#/blank#} and more convenient. |
The writer's concern | •The lifestyle of Americans now will create a {#blank#}9{#/blank#} for future generation. •If people all over the world {#blank#}10{#/blank#} their lives in the same way as Americans, the Earth will be ruined very quickly. |
A. The animals, to some extent, become tools to us. B. Although violence against zoo animals is often reported, the issue of animal welfare has aroused little attention recently. C. By taking a selfie, you show that you're part of that experience. D. The comparison between caged animals and wild ones are appealing to people. E. Similar incidents are a regular occurrence in natural settings. F. The common factor is that some people are not respecting animal. |
Recently, in the quest for a selfie (自拍), a woman climbed over the concrete barrier of a Jaguar (美洲虎) enclosure at Wildlife World Zoo, Arizona. The jaguar ripped into her arm. Bystanders pulled her away before the animal could injure her further. She's fine-so is the jaguar.
This isn't the first time a story of a person acting rudely to get close to a wild animal made headlines. Last year, a man jumped into a lion enclosure at a zoo for a close-up photo. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} Multiple tourists in Yellowstone National Park have been attacked by bison (野牛) when they've gotten too close for a photo.
It's common sense not to get close to wild animals that can hurt you. It's why zoos have barriers -sometimes multiple walls-to keep people separated from animals. Signs posted everywhere state the obvious warning. Keep your hands off the cage.
"Yet animals have become less real to us," says an environmentalist. We see exotic animals most frequently in managed settings like zoos. {#blank#}2{#/blank#} People are trying to take advantage of their rarity to show off on social media and ignore their fierceness.
Media often normalize interaction with dangerous animals. Seeing a man like "Lion Whisperer" Kevin Richardson regularly play-fight with lions on TV, may send the message that these animals aren't so dangerous after all.
Social media are also perfectly positioned to contribute to the rise of animal selfies. Getting likes and comments provide instant satisfaction. Your self-esteem actually gets a temporary boost. To hold onto that feeling, people may go to more and more extremes to showcase the most exciting versions of themselves. It may not be enough to get a photo of a beautiful, dangerous animal from outside a cage. {#blank#}3{#/blank#}
People's careless approach can put the animal's safety at risk as well. Zoo animals often must be killed to protect the person who's entered their space. In fact, thrill-seekers actively endanger the lives of animals. {#blank#}4{#/blank#} with the zoo environment, they take it for granted that animals are there for people, ignoring the fact that animals and humans are both equal existents in the nature.
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