题型：选词填空（语篇） 题类：模拟题 难易度：普通
上海市黄浦区2019届高三英语二模试卷（音频暂未更新）
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A. processed B. increasing C. applications D. typing E. interpreting F. reflected G. injected H. transforming I. connections J. remarkable K. superhuman |
The Next Frontier: Using Thought to Control Machines
Technologies are often billed as transformative. For William Kochevar, the term is justified. Mr Kochevar is paralysed below the shoulders after a cycling accident, yet has managed to feed himself by his own hand. This progress is partly thanks to electrodes, implanted in his right arm, which stimulate muscles. But the real magic lies higher up. Mr Kochevar can control his arm using the power of thought. His intention to move is in neural(神经的) activity in his motor region; these signals are detected by implants in his brain and into commands to activate the electrodes in his arms.
An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction. But brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind-control can work. Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to stimulate the brain. Over 300, 000 people have cochlear(耳蜗的) implants, which help them to hear by sound into electrical signals and sending them into the brain. Scientists have "" data into monkeys heads, instructing them to perform actions via electrical pulses.
As our Technology Quarterly in this issue explains, the pace of research into BCIs and the scale of its ambition are . Both America's armed forces and Silicon Valley are starting to focus on the brain. Facebook dreams of thought-to-text . Kernel, a startup, has $100m to spend on neurotechnology. Elon Musk has formed a firm called Neuralink; he thinks that, if humanity is to survive the arrival of artificial intelligence, it needs an upgrade. Entrepreneurs imagine a world in which people can communicate using thoughts, with each other and with machines, or acquire abilities, such as hearing at very high frequencies.
These powers, if they ever materialise, are decades away. But well before then, BCIs could open the door to wonderful new . Imagine stimulating the visual region to help the blind, making new neural in stroke victims or monitoring the brain for signs of depression. By turning the firing of neurons into a resource to be used, BCIs may change the idea of what it means to be human.
devote; purpose; generous; graduate; outdoors; recognize; doubt; actually |
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A. combining B. analyzed C. concerned D. tremendously E. effective F. applied G. actually H. common I. limited J. assessing K. test |
Getting help with parenting makes a difference -- at any age
New Oxford University study finds that parenting interventions(育儿干预)for helping children with behavior problems are just as effective in school age, as in younger children.
There is a dominant view among scientists and policy-makers. They believes, for the greatest effect, interventions need to be {#blank#}1{#/blank#} early in life, when children's brain function and behavior are thought to be more flexible. However, according to the new research, it's time to stop focusing on when we intervene with parenting, and just continue helping children in need of all ages.
Just published in Child Development, the study is one of the first to {#blank#}2{#/blank#} this age assumption. Parenting interventions are a common and effective tool for reducing child behavior problems, but studies of age effects have produced different results until now.
A team led by Professor Frances Fardner {#blank#}3{#/blank#}data from over 15,000 families from all over the world, and found no evidence that earlier is better. Older children benefited just as much as younger ones from parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems. There was no evidence that earlier interventions are more powerful. This was based on {#blank#}4{#/blank#} data from more than 150 different experiments.
What's more, their economic analysis found that interventions with older children were {#blank#}5{#/blank#} more likely to be cost-effective.
Professor Gardner commented: “When there is {#blank#}6{#/blank#} about behavioral difficulties in younger children, our findings should never be used as a reason to delay intervention, otherwise, children and families will suffer for longer.” She continued, “As for {#blank#}7{#/blank#} parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems in childhood, we should stick to the principle, 'it's never too early, never too late', rather than 'earlier is better'.”
The study draws the conclusion that it makes sense to invest in parenting interventions for children at all ages with behavioral difficulties, because they are no more likely to be {#blank#}8{#/blank#} in younger than older children, at least in the pre-adolescents.
Of course, there's more work to be done. The experiments conducted were {#blank#}9{#/blank#} to pre-adolescents, to shorter-term effects, and parent-reported assessment of child outcomes. Future studies are needed that focus on adolescents, longer-term outcomes, and using multiple sources for {#blank#}10{#/blank#} child behavior problems.
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