题型:任务型阅读 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
北京市朝阳区2019届高三上学期英语期末考试试卷
Sports Fans and Identity
Many people are crazy about a particular sports team. They are big fans and seem to connect their own identity to their chosen team.
Identity consists of things like gender (性别), personality, abilities, and social groups. The groups we belong to shape our identity. Related to this is the theory developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner. In knowing who we are, we may more closely identify with our social group than with our gender group. We also decide which group we belong to, based on different aspects of our identity. According to the theory, our self-esteem—how we feel about ourselves—is reflected in the group we belong to. For example, we naturally protect the group we belong to, while making other groups less important. We think highly of the team we support, while we may add negative comments about an opposing team.
Researchers have studied language used by sports fans. By using pronouns like “we”, fans show that they feel connected with the team when it is winning. “We really killed that team. They couldn't get the ball past us.” However, when their team didn't do well, the fans would distance themselves from the team, using different pronouns. “They didn't know what they were doing. They had no planning.”
They have found those fans have more self-confidence and feel more competent. They are quite sure they have the ability to deal with situations successfully or do things to a satisfactory standard. These people will perform better at work and earn and spend more money, so experts suggest that a winning team may have a positive influence on the economy of a city.
A. They suggested that we naturally classify people into groups.
B. That causes increased competitions between different groups of sports fans.
C. It is probably because the victory reflects well on their personal sense of identity.
D. Comments from group members certainly have a strong influence on our behavior.
E. When their team did well, the fans would closely identify themselves with the team.
F. That leads to the fact that we want our group to be seen more positively than other groups.
G. Social scientists have also studied the effect of winning a championship on the fans of the winning team.
Sometimes willpower is a lot like the television remote control—hard to find just when you want it most. {#blank#}1{#/blank#} But there are ways to increase your willpower.
*Don't try to change your economic situation, win a promotion or lose weight all on the same morning. Set one clear, specific goal and make a realistic plan to achieve. Extra willpower sometimes requires extra energy, so don't spread yourself too thin. {#blank#}2{#/blank#}
*Whatever your goal is, don't expect to achieve it overnight,{#blank#}3{#/blank#}If you are trying to kick a coffee habit, start by replacing your morning cup of coffee with a glass of water, instead of promising never to drink coffee again. Congratulate yourself on the small achievements. These successes help your willpower grow.
*{#blank#}4{#/blank#} Ask friends, family or colleagues for assistance and tell them exactly how they can help. If your credit card bills have risen, for instance, let friends know that you are cutting back on expenses. Suggest having a common dinner instead of meeting at an expensive restaurant. Find a support group or organization related to your goal and attend their meetings. You can get valuable advice, understanding and information.
*If possible, change your environment to encourage positive behavior. Want to get in shape? Keep an extra set of workout clothes in your office as a reminder to stop by the gym on the way home. Quitting smoking?{#blank#}5{#/blank#}
A. Real success takes time. B. Focus on one goal at a time. C. Change your environment to change your life. D. Improve your willpower by a support network. E. Changing your behavior requires more than willpower. F. Avoid bars or restaurants where you might be attracted to light up. G. Breaking a bad habit or forming a new and healthy one can be difficult. |
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