She looked up at me sadly, her pain unbearable obvious. I 1her as she swam silently around the small pool, surrounded by people she didn't know. The top left corner of her yellow shell was 2 and her flippers(鳍状肢)were filled with cuts and scars. Then she swam slowly to others.

    I couldn't help but think that these3 creatures looked as though they were war heroes wounded in battle, but they weren't. They were just a group of innocent sea turtles that had been injured by4 humans.

    Earlier that day, our group of forty high school students had learned that those endangered sea turtles were being 5all the time6water pollution, litter, and careless boaters and fishermen. We were taught how to 7 the deaths and injuries of this species and to encourage others to conserve our ocean life and environment.

    I had always been conscious of the damage our environment was suffering8I had never truly been given the opportunity to 9the devastating(毁灭性的)effects of environmental destruction until I observed that 10 seeing a picture or movie of these animals cannot truly capture the11 on their faces. Now that I have witnessed the12caused by the pollution and people's carelessness. I try to encourage my peers to 13 their daily habits to 14the environment by recycling, conserving water and energy, or15 time and money to help save endangered animals. I stress to them that we need to start saving our environment now16it's too late. We must fight for those creatures that cannot17for themselves because we have only one world to live in and one18 to save it. Now I will always be that person19that ice cream wrapper flying crazily in the wind just because I hate the thought of even one piece of20on the ground.

    “Nature and Nurture”

    People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is 1.

    Social scientists are of course2interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two3schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between4of each theory. The controversy(争论) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.

    Those who5the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are6determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is7to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our8.

    Supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, 9, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely10by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to 11stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour.

    Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are 12. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists, 13, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same14that whites do.

    Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite15that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

    Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

    Microsoft Corp founder Bill Gates caught people's eye in a recent interview, when he suggested that robots should be taxed in, order to help humans keep their jobs. Gates is only one of many people in the tech world who have worried about automation and its 1 to workers.

    It's easy to see why the tech world is 2. The rise of machine learning has increased the fear that 3 humans could simply become out of date--4, 3.5 million American truck drivers might soon find their jobs threatened by driverless trucks. Though in the past, technology usually complemented workers 5 replacing them, there's no law of nature saying the technology of the future will work the same. A few economists even claim that cheap automation has already 6 income from workers to company owners.

    Another 7 is that even if the mass of humanity ultimately does find new ways to add value by complementing new technology—to “race with the machines,” as economist Erik Brynjofsson puts it—this transition could take a long time and hurt a lot of people. As Bloomberg View's Tyler Cowen has noted, wages in Britain fell for four decades at the start of the Industrial Revolution. More 8, we've seen very slow and painful adjustment to the impact of globalization. If the machine learning revolution hurts workers for 40 years before ultimately helping them, it might be worth it to 9 that revolution and give them time to adjust.

    The main argument against taxing the robots is that it might hold back 10. Growth in rich countries has slowed markedly in the past decade, suggesting that it's getting harder and harder to find new ways of doing things. Stagnating productivity, combined with falling business investment, suggests that 11 of new technology is currently too slow rather than too fast—the biggest problem right now isn't too many robots, it's too few. Taxing new technology, however it's done, could make that slowdown worse.

    The problem with Gate's basic proposal is that it's very hard to tell the difference between new technology that12 humans and new technology that replaces them. This is especially true over the long term. Power looms（织布机）replaced human weavers back in the Industrial Revolution. 13, people eventually became more productive, by learning to operate those looms. If taxes had slowed the development of power looms, the eventual improvements would have come later.

    This is a powerful argument 14 the taxation of automation. Gates is right to say that we should start thinking ahead of time about how to use policy to mitigate（缓和）the unintended consequences of automation. But given the importance of sustaining innovation, we should look at 15 policies.

    There may be a 1 between later bedtimes and weight gain, new research suggests.

    Researchers studied 3, 342 adolescents starting in 1996, 2 them through 2009. At three points over the years, all reported their 3 bedtimes, as well as information on fast food consumption, exercise and television 4. The scientists 5 Body Mass Index at each interview.

    After Controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic 6, the researchers found that each hour 7 bedtime during the school or workweek was 8 with about a two-point increase in B.M.I. The effect was 9 even among people 10 got a full eight hours of sleep, and neither TV time nor exercise 11 the effect. But fast food consumption 12.

    The study, in the October issue of Sleep, 13 questions, said the lead author, Lauren D. Asamow, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley. "14 what is driving this relationship?" she said "Is it metabolic changes that happen when you 15 late? And second, if we change sleep patterns, can we change eating 16 and the course of weight change?

    The scientists 17 that their study had limitations. Their sleep data 18 on self-reports and they did not have 19 diet information. Also, they had no data on waist circumference, 20, unlike B.M.I. can help distinguish between lean muscle and abdominal fat.

    One day in winter, a couple of good friends headed for a frozen lake nearby to skate on ice. The boys were between five and ten years old. When they were skating, one of the boys headed deeper into the lake, but 1 he found himself skating on very 2 ice. Before he could 3 it, he had fallen through the ice into the icy water below. Having seen this, his friends 4 towards him but could not get him out of the lake 5 the ice layer had formed back and the boy was 6 under the transparent layer. They could see him 7 but could do nothing to help him. Then one of his friends 8 to see a tree in the distance. He skated to it as fast as he could, 9 a branch and then with all his 10 he started digging into the ice. His work proved 11 and he managed to make a hole 12 enough to pull his friend out.

    By the time the ambulance arrived, a small crowd had gathered. They were all 13 the rescuer for his 14 and calmness. However, they were all surprised as well, and 15 how a young boy could break such a big branch. 16, the branch was bigger and heavier than what a person of that age group could carry, drag it to the spot and 17 it again and again to hammer a hole in the ice. It looked like a superhuman 18. How? How did he manage to do it? It was impossible! During the 19, an old man spoke up, "I know how he did it." Everybody looked at him in 20. The old man said, "He could do it because there was nobody around him who said he couldn't!"

What's all this tree一 planting for? "I was asked when I began writing about 1 a piece of land I had bought in Somerset. The truth is, I just love trees. And I am not 2. As I get older, all I really 3 is to plant trees , Prince Charles says in a BBC documentary in which he is 4 in the wood he planted on the day Prince George was born.

    There are 5  and wonderful trees in our cities and villages. They were planted, or self- sown, years, even centuries ago. We take them for granted, 6 the creatures living among them, remain in ignorance of the 7 trees are doing us(cleaning the air, for instance) and cut them down for new 8. Yet we keep a feeling of 9 for them. This may account for the 10 the government faced in 2010 when it sought to sell off publicly owned woods, and for the wide support that the Woodland Trust (a tree-protecting charity) 11.

    Trees need 12, which is why I, a city-resident, bought my Somerset woodland in 1999. At that time, climate change was already well proved, 13 my hopes of planting long-lived oaks and pines gradually developed into anxiety about their 14. Tree diseases new to the UK, wind, drought and flood were all 15 against them.

    But I did not 16 things to move so fast. The woodland is still good, the new trees are growing like mad, but the creatures are 17. The rabbits have disappeared and the owl has moved. The bees and butterflies are 18 there but in smaller numbers. How can this happen on land 19 pesticides (杀虫剂)? Surely, it indicates we need to give nature the chance to restore its own 20. Meanwhile, I love my wood, and so do many of its visitors. And tree-planting has done wonders for restoring my balance town and country.