题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期英语第二次月考试卷
Ideas about polite behavior are different from one culture to another. Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and very open. People here change jobs and move houses quite often. As a result, they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly. So it's normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as personal.
On the other hand, there are more crowded and less mobile societies where long–term relationships are more important. A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business. But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society.
To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first. On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society puts it, it's no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of questions that you don't want to answer.
Cross-cultural differences aren't just a problem for travelers, but also for the flights that carry them. All flights want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service are different from place to place. This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with.
Some societies have “universalist” cultures. These societies strongly respect rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way.
“Particularist” societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society's unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person. So the normal rules are changed to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person.
This difference can cause problems. A traveler from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture. The Indian traveler has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family. He expects that the check–in official will understand his problem and will change the rules for him. The check–in official explains that if he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn't be fair to the other passengers. But the traveler thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don't have his problem.
If you can find a tree which has been cut down,you will see many rings,or circles,on the base of the trunk.By learning to read these rings,you can find out about the tree's life.
The number of rings tells you how old the tree is.Each year,new wood is formed on the outside of the tree.This new wood is light in color when the tree is growing in spring and summer,and dark in winter when the tree is not growing much.So,if you count the rings of darkorlight colored wood,you can often find out how old the tree is.
You can also tell which years have been good years and which years have been bad years.When the lightcolored rings are very wide,it means that the tree has been growing quickly that year.If the rings are narrow,it has been growing slowly.If the rings on a tree trunk were greatly magnified,you would be able to see why the rings are lightcolored when the tree is growing quickly and darkcolored when the tree is growing slowly.The tree trunk is made up of microscopic tubes,like some pipes,carrying water from the soil,through the trunk,and up to the leaves.They are wide and thinwalled when the tree is growing quickly and they are carrying a lot of water.They are narrow and stuck together when the tree is not growing so quickly.
When a tree is old,the tubes in the centre of the tree don't carry water.The walls of the tubes have become thick with materials which have stuck along them over the years,forming a kind of wood called“heartwood”.This kind of wood is darker in color than the young,growing wood on the outside of the tree.
You don't very often see whole tree trunks which have been cut across.But once you learn to read a cross section of the wood,you can see much more in wood which has been used to make boxes,houses and other things.
In most wood,instead of seeing the trunk cut across,you are seeing it cut along its length.Because you don't see the whole tree,you can't tell how old it is.
Title:{#blank#}1{#/blank#} of a Tree
General information | Old trees | ||
Items | Facts | Items | Facts |
Where can rings be seen | On the {#blank#}2{#/blank#} of a trunk | The tubes in the centre of the tree | Don't carry water |
The{#blank#}3{#/blank#} of rings | Helps us know about its age | The walls of the tubes | Become {#blank#}4{#/blank#}; Form {#blank#}5{#/blank#} |
{#blank#}6{#/blank#} lightcolored rings | Show the tree grows quickly | ||
Narrow{#blank#}7{#/blank#} rings | Mean the tree grows slowly | ||
Microscopic tubes | Function | Carry{#blank#}8{#/blank#} | |
Features | Wide and {#blank#}9{#/blank#} when growing quickly | ||
Narrow and stuck together when growing {#blank#}10{#/blank#} |
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