题型:阅读表达 题类:常考题 难易度:困难
高中英语-_牛津译林版-_高一下册-_模块4-_Unit 3 Tomorrow's world
Youth sport has the potential to accomplish three important objectives in children's development. First, sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active, which can lead to improved physical health. Second, youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth's psychosocial development, providing opportunities to learn important life skills such as cooperation, discipline, leadership, and self-control. Third, youth sport programs are critical for the learning of motor skills; these motor skills serve as a foundation for future national sport stars and recreational adult sport participants. When coachers develop activities for youth practices and when sport organizations design youth-sport programs, they must consider the implication of deliberate play and deliberate practice.
Research from Telama (2006) states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth (ages nine to eighteen) increases the likelihood of participation in sports during adulthood by six times for both males and females. Côté (2002) defines deliberate play activities in sport as those designed to maximize enjoyment. These activities are regulated by flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules and are set up by the children or by an involved adult. Children typically change rules to find a point where their game is similar to the actual sport but still allows for play at their level. For example, children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment (e.g. in the street. on a playing field or in someone's backyard). When involved in deliberate play activities, children are less concerned with the outcome of their outcome of their behavior. (whether they win or lose) than with the behavior. (having fun).
On the other hand, Ericsson (1993) suggests that the most effective learning occurs through involvement in highly structured activities defined as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice activities require effort, produce no immediate rewards, and are motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than the goal of enjoyment. When individuals are involved in deliberate play, they experiment with different combinations of behaviors, but not necessarily in the most effective way to improve performance. In contrast, when individuals are involved in deliberate practice, they exhibit behavior. focused on improving performance by the most effective means available. For example, the backhand skills in tennis could be learned and improved over time by playing matches or by creating fun practice situations. However, players could more effectively improve their backhand performance by practicing drills that might be considered less enjoyable. Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable, they might be the most relevant to improving performance.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)
注意:每个空格只填1个单词。
The 17th-century French tragedian Pierre Corneille wrote: The manner of giving is worth more than the gift”. He had a point, according to Charles Spence, head of Crossmodal Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford.
The professor's work focuses on how our brains sense the world around us. His research has shown that high-frequency sounds and curved shapes seem to increase the sweetness wine tastes better if it is accompanied by the popping sound of a cork and drunk from all these created multisensory experiences.
So, what's his advice if you want to impress this holiday season?
Bulk it up hide
“We've just published research on eating a box of chocolates,” Mr Spence said. “If you are 30-gram weight in a box of chocolates, that weight translates to a significant increase perceived(感知)quality of the chocolate.”
There are exceptions, but the association between weight and the perception of luxury(奢侈)applies to many items including tableware, perfume(香水)and wine, Mr. Spence said. “That's why in a restaurant, a waiter might artfully give you the bottle to weigh in your hand,” he added.
Black is basic
Black is the color most associated with luxury because, Mr. Spence said ,“it seems to be the color that we perceive to be the heaviest.”
Such luxury indications are learned, rather than inborn, so they can change over time. I'm doing a lot of work on transparency(透明) at the moment; high-quality packaged goods should have a transparent window because it suggests freshness or quality,” he said.
But the trend is recent, the professor added, because “traditionally luxury goods used to have nontransparent packaging. I think it has to do with the current desire for originality.”
Layer it on
Unnecessary wrapping(包裹)can be an ecological concern but, when it comes to luxury goods like wine in a presentation case, it does make an impression.
“Tissue layers are really good,” Mr. Spence said, “because the crinkle adds an extra sense to the experience.”
Consider a little perfume in the box or wrapping, and, if you want to involve other senses, work out some way for classical music to be playing when the gift is opened because we associate it with quality.
Engaging several senses at once is beneficial.“ The brain combines the inputs from each sense, both to determine what something is, but also to determine a reward value,”Mr. Spence said. Also, the more stimuli(刺激)to the senses, the more activity is produced in the orbitofrontal cortex, a small part of brain situated just beside the eyes. And the more activity there, the more rewarding something is perceived to be.
You can go too far
“Engaging an extra sense is more effective, but you can potentially have a disagreement if that extra sense doesn't match the others.” the professor said.
passage outline |
Supporting details |
Introduction |
{#blank#}1{#/blank#}a gift is given is more important than the gift itself. |
Research support |
Involvement of different {#blank#}2{#/blank#}may give you hotter experiences. |
{#blank#}3{#/blank#} |
·Increase the {#blank#}4{#/blank#}of a gift: it improves perception of quality and luxury. |
·{#blank#}5{#/blank#}your gifts in black: it's considered to be the heaviest. ·Leave a transparent window in the packaging: people {#blank#}6{#/blank#}to associate it with originality. |
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·Wrap your gifts with tissue: it gives an extra sense which may {#blank#}7{#/blank#}to the receiver. ·Add perfume or music to the gift: they stimulate the senses of smell and {#blank#}8{#/blank#}. |
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·Don't go to {#blank#}9{#/blank#}: there is a risk that different senses don't match. |
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Conclusion |
The thought behind a gift {#blank#}10{#/blank#}. |
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