题型:阅读理解 题类:模拟题 难易度:普通
上海市徐汇区2020届高三英语二模试卷(含听力音频)
Aristotle thought the face was a window onto a person's mind. Cicero agreed. Two thousand years passed, and facial expressions are still commonly thought to be a universally valid way to judge other people's feelings, irrespective of age, sex and culture. A raised eyebrow suggests confusion. A smile indicates happiness.
Or do they? An analysis of hundreds of research papers that examined the relationship between facial expressions and underlying emotions has uncovered a surprising conclusion: there is no good scientific evidence to suggest that there are such things as recognizable facial expressions for basic emotions which are universal across cultures. Just because a person is not smiling, the researchers found, does not mean that person is unhappy.
This may raise questions about the efforts of information-technology companies to develop artificial-intelligence algorithms (算法) which can recognize facial expressions and work out a person's underlying emotional state. Microsoft, for example, claims its "Emotion API" is able to detect what people are feeling by examining video footage of them. Another of the study's authors, however, expressed scepticism. Aleix Martinez, a computer engineer at Ohio State University, said that companies attempting to obtain emotions from images of faces have failed to understand the importance of context.
For a start, facial expression is but one of a number of non-verbal ways,such as body posture, that people use to communicate with each other. Machine recognition of emotion needs to take account of these as well. But context can reach further than that. Dr Martinez mentioned an experiment in which participants were shown a close-up picture of a man's face, which was bright red with his mouth open in a scream. Based on this alone, most participants said the man was extremely angry. Then the whole picture was shown. It was a football player with his arms outstretched, celebrating a goal. His angry-looking face was, in fact, a show of pure joy.
Given that people cannot guess each other's emotional states most of the time, Dr Martinez sees no reason computers would be able to. "There are companies right now claiming to be able to do that and apply this to places I find really scary and dangerous, for example, in hiring people," he says. "Some companies require you to present a video resume, which is analyzed by a machine-learning system. And depending on your facial expressions, they hire you or not, which I find really shocking."
Target Car Seat Trade-in Event
Recycle car seat & save 20% on new seat May 1 through May 13 Step 1: Bring your old car seat to Target. Step 2: Trade it in at Target Guest Service for a coupon(赠券). Step 3: Save 20% on a new car seat.
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Frequently Asked Questions:
·What is the car seat trade-in program?
Guests who trade in their old car seats will receive a 20 percent off coupon toward a new car seat.
·What type of car seat qualifies for a trade-in?
Target will accept and recycle all types of car seats, including: baby car seats, car seat bases, as well as car seats that are damaged. Guests will receive a 20 percent off coupon for trading in any one of these items.
·Where do I bring my old car seat to trade in?
Car seats can be traded in at any of the Target stores. Target will have drop-off boxes for guests' unwanted car seats located near Guest Services.
·How do I redeem(兑现) the coupon offer?
Coupons can be applied to both in-store and online purchases and are valid(有效的) until May 31.
·What does Target do with the car seats that are traded in?
Materials from the old car seats will be recycled by Target's partner, Waste Management, to create new products such as plastic plates, plastic buckets and construction materials such as steel beams and carpet padding.
·Is this the first time Target has had car seat trade-in program?
Target introduced its first car seat trade-in program in April 2016. Since the program launched, more than 789, 000 car seats, or 11. 98 million pounds of car seats, have been recycled.
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