题型:阅读理解 题类:常考题 难易度:普通
广东省中山市第一中学2019-2020学年高二上学期英语第二次月考试卷
In a recent series of experiments at the University of California, researchers studied toddlers' thinking about winners and losers, bullies (欺凌) and victims.
In the first experiment, toddlers (学步儿童) watched a scene in which two puppets (木偶) had conflicting goals: One was crossing a stage from right to left, and the other from left to right. The puppets met in the middle and stopped. Eventually one puppet bowed down and moved aside, letting the other one pass by. Then researchers asked the toddlers which puppet they liked. The result: 20 out of 23 toddlers picked the higher-status puppet — the one that did not bow or move aside. It seems that individuals can gain status for being dominant (占优势的) and toddlers like winners better than losers.
But then researchers had another question: Do toddlers like winners no matter how they win? So, researchers did another experiment very similar to the one described above. But this time, the conflict ended because one puppet knocked the other down and out of the way. Now when the toddlers were asked who they liked, the results were different: Only 4 out of 23 children liked the winner.
These data suggest that children already love a winner by the age of 21-31 months. This does not necessarily mean that the preference is inborn: 21 months is enough time to learn a lot of things. But if a preference for winners is something we learn, we appear to learn it quite early.
Even more interesting, the preference for winners is not absolute. Children in our study did not like a winner who knocked a competitor down. This suggests that already by the age of 21-31 months, children's liking for winners is balanced with other social concerns, including perhaps a general preference for nice or helpful people over aggressive ones.
In a time when the news is full of stories of public figures who celebrate winning at all costs, these results give us much confidence. Humans understand dominance, but we also expect strong individuals to guide, protect and help others. This feels like good news.
Whether you're traveling to the next town over or to the other side of the word, careful planning goes a long way toward ensuring your trip is a success. The right preparation helps you avoid potential disasters, such as having your credit card declined or running out of clean clothes to wear. {#blank#}1{#/blank#}
Make your reservations for fights and accommodations.
{#blank#}2{#/blank#}, where you want to stay and how you want to get around, make your reservations. For flights, book around two months out. And don't wait till the last minute for your hotels either. You don't want them to be booked or almost-booked because then prices skyrocket.
Set a travel budget.
Before you do anything, you need to know how much money you will have for this trip. {#blank#}3{#/blank#}, so start your planning by breaking down how much you want to spend on transportation, food, accommodation, sightseeing and any other activities you hope to include in your trip.
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If you're going abroad, you may be required to get a visa. Besides, check the website of your intended country's consulate or embassy to see what is required for you to enter the country. Visas may take weeks or even months to finalize, so check early in the planning process.
Pack appropriate clothing for your destination and trip.
Check the weather at your destination 2-3 days before you depart. This will let you know what type of clothes you need to bring. {#blank#}5{#/blank#}. Will you be expected to wear a suit for a conference, or will you be able to bathe in a bathing suit on the beach?
A. In addition, consider the nature of your trip B. Obtain a visa for international destinations if necessary C. Once you're sure of where you want to go and when you want to go D. All trips are meant for adventure, relaxation, and enjoyment E. Travel agents simply must charge booking fees, or they cannot stay in business F. Here are some tips on how to plan your travel well to ensure a great travel experience G. It's easy to overspend when you're traveling if you don't plan ahead |
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